Chumashחומש

ואתה תצוה. זך. בְּלִי שְׁמָרִים, כְּמוֹ שֶׁשָּׁנִינוּ בִמְנָחוֹת מְגַרְגְּרוֹ בְרֹאשׁ הַזַּיִת וְכוּ':

ואתה תצוה ... זך CLEAR — without lees; and this was effected not by straining the oil but as we learn in Treatise Menachoth 86a “He lets it (the olive) ripen on the top of the olive-tree etc.”

כתית. הַזֵּיתִים כּוֹתֵשׁ בַּמַּכְתֶּשֶׁת וְאֵינוֹ טוֹחֲנָן בָּרֵחַיִם, כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִהְיֶה בוֹ שְׁמָרִים, וְאַחַר שֶׁהוֹצִיא טִפָּה רִאשׁוֹנָה מַכְנִיסָן לָרֵחַיִם וְטוֹחֲנָן; וְהַשֶּׁמֶן הַשֵּׁנִי פָּסוּל לַמְּנוֹרָה וְכָשֵׁר לִמְנָחוֹת שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר כָּתִית לַמָּאוֹר – וְלֹא כָתִית לַמְּנָחוֹת (מנחות פ"ו):

כתית BEATEN — he pounds the olives in a mortar and must not grind them in a mill, so that there may be no lees; and after he has thus extracted the first drop of oil he may bring them into the mill and grind them. The second oil (that obtained by grinding) is unfitted for use in the candelabrum but is permissible for the meal-offerings (which had to be mingled with oil) since it is said here, “Beaten for the light”, and hence it is not essential that it should be beaten for the meal-offerings (Menachot 86a; cf. Rashi on Exodus 29:40).

להעלות נר תמיד. מַדְלִיק עַד שֶׁתְּהֵא שַׁלְהֶבֶת עוֹלָה מֵאֵלֶיהָ (שבת כ"א):

להעלות נר תמיד TO CAUSE THE LIGHT TO BURN (lit., to ascend) CONTINUALLY — he must enkindle it until the flame ascends by itself (Shabbat 21a).

תמיד. כָּל לַיְלָה וְלַיְלָה קָרוּי תָּמִיד, כְּמוֹ שֶׁאַתָּה אוֹמֵר עֹלַת תָּמִיד וְאֵינָהּ אֶלָּא מִיּוֹם לְיוֹם; וְכֵן בְּמִנְחַת חֲבִתִּין נֶאֱמַר תָּמִיד וְאֵינָהּ אֶלָּא מַחֲצִיתָהּ בַּבֹּקֶר וּמַחֲצִיתָהּ בָּעֶרֶב, אֲבָל תָּמִיד הָאָמוּר בְּלֶחֶם הַפָּנִים מִשַּׁבָּת לְשַׁבָּת הוּא:

תמיד CONTINUALLY — doing something every night, as is described here, may be termed תמיד, continually, just as you speak of (Numbers 27:6) “The continual (תמיד) burnt-offering”, although this was sacrificed only from day to day. So, too, in the case of the meal-offering made in a flat pan it is said, (Leviticus 6:13) that it should be brought continually (תמיד) and yet it was only brought thus: “Half of it in the morning, and half of it at evening”. However, the expression תמיד which is used in connection with the show-bread (Exodus 25:30) denotes the whole period without a break from Sabbath to Sabbath).

מערב עד בקר. תֵּן לָהּ מִדָּתָהּ שֶׁתְּהֵא דּוֹלֶקֶת מֵעֶרֶב וְעַד בֹּקֶר, וְשִׁעֲרוּ חֲכָמִים חֲצִי לֹג לְלֵילֵי טֵבֵת הָאֲרֻכִּין וְכֵן לְכָל הַלֵּילוֹת, וְאִם יִוָּתֵר אֵין בְּכָךְ כְּלוּם (מנחות פ"ט):

מערב עד בקר FROM EVENING TO MORNING — Give it its due measure of oil so that it may burn from evening to morning. Our Rabbis estimated half a log of oil as sufficient for the nights of Tebeth which are long, and they ordained a similar quantity for every night of the year, and if any were left over on the shorter nights it did not matter (Menachot 89a).

ואתה הקרב אליך. לְאַחַר שֶׁתִּגָּמֵר מְלֶאכֶת הַמִּשְׁכָּן:

ואתה הקרב אליך AND THOU TAKE TO THEE after the work of the Tabernacle is finished.

לקדשו לכהנו לי. לְקַדְּשׁוֹ לְהַכְנִיסוֹ בִּכְהֻנָּה עַ"יְ הַבְּגָדִים שֶׁיְּהֵא כֹהֵן לִי, וּלְשׁוֹן כְּהֻנָּה שֵׁרוּת הוּא, שנטרי"אה בְּלַעַז:

לקדשו לכהנו לי TO SANCTIFY HIM, TO APPOINT HIM AS PRIEST TO ME — to sanctify him, i. e. to instal him into the priesthood by means of the garments here specified, so that he may become priest unto Me. The expression of כהונה denotes service — serventrie in old French

חשן. תַּכְשִׁיט כְּנֶגֶד הַלֵּב:

חשן A BREAST-PLATE — an ornament borne in front of the heart.

ואפוד. לֹא שָׁמַעְתִּי וְלֹא מָצָאתִי בַּבָּרַיְתָא פֵּרוּשׁ תַּבְנִיתוֹ, וְלִבִּי אוֹמֵר לִי שֶׁהוּא חֲגוֹרָה לוֹ מֵאֲחוֹרָיו, רָחְבּוֹ כְּרֹחַב גַּב אִישׁ, כְּמִין סִינָר שֶׁקּוֹרִין פורצי"נט בְּלַעַז, שֶׁחוֹגְרוֹת הַשָּׂרוֹת כְּשֶׁרוֹכְבוֹת עַל הַסּוּסִים, כָּךְ מַעֲשֵׂהוּ מִלְּמַטָּה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר וְדָוִד חָגוּר אֵפוֹד בָּד, לָמַדְנוּ שֶׁהָאֵפוֹד חֲגוֹרָה הִיא; וְאִי אֶפְשָׁר לוֹמַר שֶׁאֵין בּוֹ אֶלָּא חֲגוֹרָה לְבַדָּהּ, שֶׁהֲרֵי נֶאֱמַר וַיִּתֵּן עָלָיו אֶת הָאֵפֹד וְאַחַ"כַּ וַיַּחְגֹּר אוֹתוֹ בְּחֵשֶׁב הָאֵפֹד וְתִרְגֵּם אֻנְקְלוֹס בְּהֶמְיַן אֵפוֹדָא, לָמַדְנוּ שֶׁהַחֵשֶׁב הוּא הֶחָגוֹר וְהָאֵפוֹד שֵׁם תַּכְשִׁיט לְבַדּוֹ; וְאִי אֶפְשָׁר לוֹמַר שֶׁעַל שֵׁם שְׁתֵּי הַכְּתֵפוֹת שֶׁבּוֹ הוּא קָרוּי אֵפוֹד, שֶׁהֲרֵי נֶאֱמַר שְׁתֵּי כִתְפוֹת הָאֵפוֹד, לָמַדְנוּ שֶׁהָאֵפוֹד שֵׁם לְבַד וְהַכְּתֵפוֹת שֵׁם לְבַד וְהַחֵשֶׁב שֵׁם לְבַד, לְכָךְ אֲנִי אוֹמֵר שֶׁעַל שֵׁם הַסִּינָר שֶׁל מַטָּה קָרוּי אֵפוֹד – עַל שֵׁם שֶׁאוֹפְדוֹ וּמְקַשְּׁטוֹ בוֹ – כְּמוֹ שֶׁנֶּ' וַיֶּאְפֹּד לוֹ בּוֹ, וְהַחֵשֶׁב הוּא חָגוּר שֶׁלְּמַעְלָה הֵימֶנּוּ וְהַכְּתֵפוֹת קְבוּעוֹת בּוֹ. וְעוֹד אוֹמֵר לִי לִבִּי שֶׁיֵּשׁ רְאָיָה שֶׁהוּא מִין לְבוּשׁ, שֶׁתִּרְגֵּם יוֹנָתָן וְדָוִד חָגוּר אֵפוֹד בָּד (שמואל ב ו') – כַּרְדּוּט דְּבוּץ, וְתִרְגֵּם כְּמוֹ כֵן מְעִילִים כַּרְדּוּטִין, בְּמַעֲשֵׂה תָּמָר אֲחוֹת אַבְשָׁלוֹם, כִּי כֵן תִּלְבַּשְׁנָה בְנוֹת הַמֶּלֶךְ הַבְּתוּלוֹת מְעִילִים (שם י"ג):

ואפוד AND AN EPHOD — I have heard no tradition nor have I found in the Boraitha any description of its shape, but my own mind tells me that it was tied on behind him; its breadth was the same as the breadth of a man’s back like a kind of apron which is called pourceint in old French which ladies of rank tie on when they ride on horse-back. Such, as mentioned, was the way in which the lower part was made, as it is said, (II Samuel 6:14) “And David was girded with a linen ephod” — this informs us that the ephod was something tied on the body. It is, however, not possible to say that it consisted of a girdle only, because it is said (Leviticus 8:7) “And he put the ephod upon him”, and afterwards it is stated “and he girded him with the חשב of the ephod” and this Onkelos translated by “the girdle of the ephod.” This, therefore, informs us that the חשב is the girdle and the אפור is the name of the ornamental garment itself. Further, it is not possible to assert that it was on account of the two shoulder-straps that it was called אפוד (i. e. that the term אפוד applies to these two straps and the girdle to which they were attached) for it is said, (v. 27) “the two shoulder-pieces of the ephod” — this tells us that the ephod is a separate name, the shoulderpieces a separate name and the girdle a separate name (i. e. each of these is the name of separate articles). Consequently I say that it is called אפוד in reference to the apron-like garment which hung down and that it was so called because they bedecked him (אופדו) and ornamented him with it, as it is said, (Leviticus 8:7) “And he bedecked (ויאפוד) him with it.” The חשב was the girdle which was on the upper portion of it (the ephod), and the shoulder-pieces were attached to it. Further, my own mind tells me that there is evidence that it was a kind of garment, for Jonathan ben Uzziel translates (II Samuel 6:14) “And David was girded with a linen ephod” by “a linen כרדוט” and exactly similarly does he translate מעילים, “robes”, by כרדוטין in the story of Tamar, Absolom’s sister, (II Samuel 13:18) “For with such robes (מעילים) were the king’s daughters that were virgins apparelled”.

מעיל. הוּא כְּמִין חָלוּק, וְכֵן הַכֻּתֹּנֶת, אֶלָּא שֶׁהַכֻּתֹּנֶת סָמוּךְ לִבְשָׂרוֹ וּמְעִיל קָרוּי חָלוּק הָעֶלְיוֹן:

מעיל — This was a kind of shirt and so, too, the כתונת, except that the כתונת was worn immediately on the body and מעיל is a term for the outer shirt.

תשבץ. עֲשׂוּיִין מִשְׁבְּצוֹת לְנוֹי, וְהַמִּשְׁבְּצוֹת הֵם כְּמִין גֻּמּוֹת הָעֲשׂוּיוֹת בְּתַכְשִׁיטֵי זָהָב לְמוֹשַׁב קְבִיעַת אֲבָנִים טוֹבוֹת וּמַרְגָּלִיּוֹת, כְּמוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בְּאַבְנֵי הָאֵפוֹד מֻסַבֹּת מִשְׁבְּצוֹת זָהָב, וּבְלַעַז קוֹרְאִין אוֹתוֹ קשטו"נש:

תשבץ A QUILTED [INNER GARMENT] — made with משבצות as ornaments. These משבצות were a kind of indentations which are made in gold ornaments as a setting in which to fix precious stones and pearls, as it is said of the stones of the ephod, (v. 11) “enclosed in settings (משבצות) of gold.” In old French they call them castons.

מצנפת. כְּמִין כִּפַּת כּוֹבַע, שֶׁקּוֹרִין קופ"יא בְּלַעַז, שֶׁהֲרֵי בְמָקוֹם אַחֵר קוֹרֵא לָהֶם מִגְבָּעוֹת וּמְתַרְגְּמִינָן כּוֹבָעִין:

מצנפת — a kind of domed helmet which they call cofea in old French, for in another passage (v. 40) it calls them מגבעות which we translate in the Targum by כובעין, helmets.

ואבנט. הִיא חֲגוֹרָה עַל הַכֻּתֹּנֶת וְהָאֵפוֹד חֲגוֹרָה עַל הַמְּעִיל, כְּמוֹ שֶׁמָּצִינוּ בְּסֵדֶר לְבִישָׁתָן וַיִּתֵּן עָלָיו אֶת הַכֻּתֹּנֶת וַיַּחְגֹּר אֹתוֹ בָּאַבְנֵט וַיַּלְבֵּשׁ אֹתוֹ אֶת הַמְּעִיל וַיִּתֵּן עָלָיו אֶת הָאֵפֹד:

ואבנט — This was a girdle upon the inner-garment, and the ephod was the girdle over the outer-garment, just as we find it stated in the description of the order in which they were donned: (Leviticus 8:7), “And he put upon him the inner-garment (כתנת) and girded him with the belt (אבנט) and clothed him with the mantle (מעיל) and put the ephod (אפוד) upon him.”

בגדי קדש. מִתְּרוּמָה הַמְקֻדֶּשֶׁת לִשְׁמִי יַעֲשֶׂה אוֹתָם:

בגדי קדש lit., GARMENTS OF THE HOLY THING — i. e. from the heave-offering that is sanctified (מקדשת) to My Name shall they make them (Sifra, Acharei Mot, Chapter 1 10).

והם יקחו. אוֹתָם חַכְמֵי לֵב שֶׁיַּעֲשׂוּ הַבְּגָדִים יְקַבְּלוּ מִן הַמִּתְנַדְּבִים אֶת הַזָּהָב וְאֶת הַתְּכֵלֶת לַעֲשׂוֹת מֵהֶן אֶת הַבְּגָדִים:

והם יקחו AND THEY SHALL TAKE — Those men, wise in heart (cf. v. 3), who are to make the garments shall receive from the donors את הזהב ואת התכלת THE GOLD AND THE BLUE PURPLE, in order to make the garments of them.

ועשו את האפד. אִם בָּאתִי לְפָרֵשׁ מַעֲשֵׂה הָאֵפוֹד וְהַחֹשֶׁן עַל סֵדֶר הַמִּקְרָאוֹת, הֲרֵי פֵּרוּשָׁן פְּרָקִים, וְיִשְׁגֶה הַקּוֹרֵא בְּצֵרוּפָן, לְכָךְ אֲנִי כוֹתֵב מַעֲשֵׂיהֶם כְּמוֹת שֶׁהוּא, לְמַעַן יָרוּץ הַקּוֹרֵא בוֹ, וְאַחַר כָּךְ אֲפָרֵשׁ עַל סֵדֶר הַמִּקְרָאוֹת. הָאֵפוֹד עָשׂוּי כְּמִין סִינָר שֶׁל נָשִׁים רוֹכְבוֹת סוּסִים, וְחוֹגֵר אוֹתוֹ מֵאֲחוֹרָיו כְּנֶגֶד לִבּוֹ לְמַטָּה מֵאֲצִילָיו, רָחְבּוֹ כְּמִדַּת רֹחַב גַּבּוֹ שֶׁל אָדָם וְיוֹתֵר, וּמַגִּיעַ עַד עֲקֵבָיו, וְהַחֵשֶׁב מְחֻבָּר בְּרֹאשׁוֹ עַל פְּנֵי רָחְבּוֹ מַעֲשֵׂה אוֹרֵג, וּמַאֲרִיךְ לְכָאן וּלְכָאן כְּדֵי לְהַקִּיף וְלַחְגֹּר בּוֹ, וְהַכְּתֵפוֹת מְחֻבָּרוֹת בַּחֵשֶׁב, אֶחָד לְיָמִין וְאֶחָד לִשְׂמֹאל, מֵאֲחוֹרֵי הַכֹּהֵן, לִשְׁנֵי קְצוֹת רָחְבּוֹ שֶׁל סִינָר, וּכְשֶׁזּוֹקְפָן עוֹמְדוֹת לוֹ עַל שְׁתֵּי כְתֵפָיו, וְהֵן כְּמִין שְׁתֵּי רְצוּעוֹת עֲשׂוּיוֹת מִמִּין הָאֵפוֹד, אֲרֻכּוֹת כְּדֵי שִׁעוּר לְזָקְפָן אֵצֶל צַוָּארוֹ מִכָּאן וּמִכָּאן וְנִקְפָּלוֹת לְפָנָיו לְמַטָּה מִכְּתֵפָיו מְעַט, וְאַבְנֵי הַשֹּׁהַם קְבוּעוֹת בָּהֶם, אַחַת עַל כֶּתֶף יָמִין וְאַחַת עַל כֶּתֶף שְׂמֹאל, וְהַמִּשְׁבְּצוֹת נְתוּנוֹת בְּרָאשֵׁיהֶם לִפְנֵי כְּתֵפָיו, וּשְׁתֵּי עֲבוֹתוֹת הַזָּהָב תְּחוּבוֹת בִּשְׁתֵּי טַבָּעוֹת שֶׁבַּחֹשֶׁן, בִּשְׁנֵי קְצוֹת רָחְבּוֹ הָעֶלְיוֹן, אַחַת לְיָמִין וְאַחַת לִשְׂמֹאל, וּשְׁנֵי רָאשֵׁי הַשַּׁרְשֶׁרֶת תְּקוּעִין בַּמִּשְׁבֶּצֶת לַיָּמִין וְכֵן שְׁנֵי רָאשֵׁי הַשַּׁרְשֶׁרֶת הַשְּׂמָאלִית תְּקוּעִין בַּמִּשְׁבֶּצֶת שֶׁבְּכָתֵף שְׂמֹאל, נִמְצָא הַחֹשֶׁן תָּלוּי בְּמִשְׁבְּצוֹת הָאֵפוֹד עַל לִבּוֹ מִלְּפָנָיו, וְעוֹד שְׁתֵּי טַבָּעוֹת בִּשְׁנֵי קְצוֹת הַחֹשֶׁן בְּתַחְתִּיתוֹ, וּכְנֶגְדָּם שְׁתֵּי טַבָּעוֹת בִּשְׁתֵּי כִּתְפוֹת הָאֵפוֹד מִלְּמַטָּה, בְּרֹאשׁוֹ הַתַּחְתּוֹן הַמְּחֻבָּר בַּחֵשֶׁב; טַבְּעוֹת הַחֹשֶׁן אֶל מוּל טַבְּעוֹת הָאֵפוֹד שׁוֹכְבִים זֶה עַל זֶה, וּמְרַכְּסָן בִּפְתִיל תְּכֵלֶת תָּחוּב בְּטַבְּעוֹת הָאֵפוֹד וְהַחֹשֶׁן, שֶׁיְּהֵא תַּחְתִּית הַחֹשֶׁן דָּבוּק לְחֵשֶׁב הָאֵפוֹד וְלֹא יְהֵא נָד וְנִבְדָּל, הוֹלֵךְ וְחוֹזֵר:

ועשו את האפד AND THEY SHALL MAKE THE EPHOD — If I set myself to explain the making of the ephod and the breast-plate in the order of the verses, the description of them would be fragmentary and the reader might err in piecing the details together: therefore I shall write down how they were made, just as each of them was, in order that “he who runs may read” (may have a comprehensive idea of them in their entirety), and afterwards I shall explain it in the order of the verses. The ephod was made like that kind of apron of women who ride on horse-back. He (the priest) tied it on behind him opposite (at the height of) his heart below his elbows. Its breadth was equal to the measure of a man’s back and somewhat more (cf. Rashi, end of v. 26), and it reached to his heels. The belt was attached to its top edge along the whole of its width, being of weaver’s work (i. e. woven in one piece with the ephod) and it extended on both sides beyond the width of the ephod in order that it might go right round the body and gird on the ephod by means of it. The shoulder-pieces were attached to the belt, one on the right and one the left, behind the priest, at the two ends of the width of the apron, and when they were lifted up they stood (we should say “they lay”) upon his two shoulders, so that they were like two straps made of the same material as the ephod itself, and sufficiently long to lift them up to reach to his neck on both sides, and they hung over in front of him a little below his shoulders. The onyx stones were fixed in them, one on his right shoulder and one on his left shoulder, and the settings were placed in their ends in front of his shoulders on his breast. Two cords of gold were inserted through two rings which were on the breastplate at the two ends of its upper width (edge), one on the right and one on the left, and the two ends of the chain (or cord) were fixed in the setting on the right, and similarly the two ends of the left chain were fixed in the setting which was on the left shoulder. Consequently, the breast-plate hung in front of him over his heart from the settings of the ephod. Further, there were two rings at the two ends of the breast-plate on its lower edge, and opposite them two rings below on the two shoulder pieces of the ephod on the lower edge of each where this was joined to the belt. The under two rings on the breast-plate were opposite the rings on the ephod, lying one upon the other, and they fastened them (each pair of rings) together by a blue purple thread which was inserted through the rings in the ephod and breast-plate, so that the lower edge of the breast-plate should lie close to the belt of the ephod and should not move about and come apart from it, swinging to and fro.

זהב תכלת וארגמן תולעת שני ושש משזר. חֲמֵשֶׁת מִינִים הַלָּלוּ שְׁזוּרִין בְּכָל חוּט וָחוּט; הָיוּ מְרַדְּדִין אֶת הַזָּהָב כְּמִין טַסִּין דַּקִּין וְקוֹצְצִין פְּתִילִים מֵהֶם, וְטוֹוִין אוֹתוֹ חוּט שֶׁל זָהָב עִם שִׁשָּׁה חוּטִין שֶׁל תְּכֵלֶת, וְחוּט שֶׁל זָהָב עִם שִׁשָּׁה חוּטִין שֶׁל אַרְגָּמָן, וְכֵן בְּתוֹלַעַת שָׁנִי וְכֵן בַּשֵּׁשׁ – שֶׁכָּל הַמִּינִין חוּטָן כָּפוּל שִׁשָּׁה וְחוּט שֶׁל זָהָב עִם כָּל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד – וְאַחַר כָּךְ שׁוֹזֵר אֶת כֻּלָּם כְּאֶחָד, נִמְצָא חוּטָן כָּפוּל כ"ח, וְכֵן מְפֹרָשׁ בְּמַסֶּכֶת יוֹמָא, וְלָמֵד מִן הַמִּקְרָא הַזֶּה וַיְרַקְּעוּ אֶת פַּחֵי הַזָּהָב וְקִצֵּץ פְּתִילִם לַעֲשׂוֹת – אֶת פְּתִילֵי הַזָּהָב – בְּתוֹךְ הַתְּכֵלֶת וּבְתוֹךְ הָאַרְגָּמָן וְגוֹ', לָמַדְנוּ שֶׁחוּט שֶׁל זָהָב שָׁזוּר עִם כָּל מִין וָמִין:

זהב תכלת וארגמן תולעת שני ושש משזר OF GOLD, OF BLUE PURPLE, AND OF RED PURPLE, OF CRIMSON AND FINE TWISTED LINEN — The five materials were intertwined in every strand: they beat out the gold into the form of thin plates and from them they cut threads, and they wove that gold thread together with six threads of blue purple and a gold thread with six threads of red purple, and similarly with the crimson and similarly with the fine linen; because all the materials had their threads sixfold and there was a gold thread with each of them. Then they intertwined them all into one thread; it followed, therefore, that their thread was 28-fold. This is how it is explained in Treatise Yoma 72a and it is derived from the following verse: (Exodus 39:3) “And they beat out the gold into thin plates and cut it into threads to work the threads of gold in the blue purple and in the red purple, etc.” — this tells us that a gold thread was intertwined with each material.

מעשה חשב. כְּבָר פֵּרַשְׁתִּי שֶׁהוּא אֲרִיגַת שְׁתֵּי קִירוֹת, שֶׁאֵין צוּרוֹת שְׁנֵי עֲבָרֶיהָ דּוֹמוֹת זוֹ לָזוֹ:

מעשה חשב THE WORK OF AN ARTIST — I have already explained (Exodus 26:1) that this was weaving on both sides: that is, that the designs on both sides were not similar one to the other.

שתי כתפת וגו'. הַסִּינָר מִלְּמַטָּה וְחֵשֶׁב הָאֵפוֹד הִיא הַחֲגוֹרָה, וּצְמוּדָה לוֹ מִלְמַעְלָה דֻּגְמַת סִינַר הַנָּשִׁים, וּמִגַּבּוֹ שֶׁל כֹּהֵן הָיוּ מְחֻבָּרוֹת בַּחֵשֶׁב שְׁתֵּי חֲתִיכוֹת כְּמִין שְׁתֵּי רְצוּעוֹת רְחָבוֹת, אַחַת כְּנֶגֶד כָּל כָּתֵף וְכָתֵף, וְזוֹקְפָן עַל שְׁתֵּי כִתְפוֹתָיו עַד שֶׁנִּקְפָּלוֹת לְפָנָיו כְּנֶגֶד הֶחָזֶה, וְעַ"יְ חִבּוּרָן לְטַבְּעוֹת הַחֹשֶׁן נֶאֱחָזִין מִלְּפָנָיו כְּנֶגֶד לִבּוֹ שֶׁאֵין נוֹפְלוֹת, כְּמוֹ שֶׁמְּפֹרָשׁ בָּעִנְיָן, וְהָיוּ זְקוּפוֹת וְהוֹלְכוֹת כְּנֶגֶד כְּתֵפָיו וּשְׁתֵּי אַבְנֵי הַשֹׁהַם קְבוּעוֹת בָּהֶן אַחַת בְּכָל אַחַת:

שתי כתפת וגו׳ TWO SHOULDER-PIECES, etc. — The apron was below and the חשב of the ephod was the belt, and this was joined to it on its top edge similar to the apron of ladies who ride on horseback. On the priest’s back there were joined to the belt two pieces like two wide straps, one opposite each shoulder. He lifted these up upon his two shoulders so that they hung down in front of him before his breast, and because they were joined to the rings in the breast-plate they were held fast in front of him upon his heart so that they could not fall off his shoulders backwards, just as is explained in this section (v. 28). Thus they lay on his back in an erect position and then passed over his shoulders and the two onyx stones were fixed on them, one stone upon each shoulder-piece.

אל שני קצותיו. אֶל רָחְבּוֹ שֶׁל אֵפוֹד, שֶׁלֹּא הָיָה רָחְבּוֹ אֶלָּא כְּנֶגֶד גַּבּוֹ שֶׁל כֹּהֵן וְגָבְהוֹ עַד כְּנֶגֶד הָאֲצִילִים, שֶׁקּוֹרִין קודי"ש בְּלַעַז, שֶׁנֶּ' לֹא יַחְגְּרוּ בַּיָּזַע (יחזקאל מ"ד) – אֵין חוֹגְרִין בִּמְקוֹם זֵיעָה, לֹא לְמַעְלָה מֵאֲצִילֵיהֶם וְלֹא לְמַטָּה מִמָּתְנֵיהֶם אֶלָּא כְּנֶגֶד אֲצִילֵיהֶם:

אל שני קצותיו AT THE TWO EXTREMITIES THEREOF — on the width of the ephod; for its width was equal only to that of the priest’s back (and did not go entirely round his body, so that one may well speak of the two extremities of the ephod), and its height was up to the elbows — which they call coudes in old French — and not higher, because it is said (Ezekiel 44:18) “they shall not gird themselves (בַּיָּזַע),” i. e. they shall not gird themselves in the place where one perspires (במקום זיעה) namely, not higher than their elbows and not lower than their loins, but only by their elbows (Zevachim 18b).

וחבר. הָאֵפוֹד עִם אוֹתָן שְׁתֵּי כִתְפוֹת הָאֵפוֹד יְחַבֵּר אוֹתָם בְּמַחַט לְמַטָּה בַּחֵשֶׁב, וְלֹא יֶאֶרְגֵם עִמּוֹ אֶלָּא אוֹרְגָם לְבַד וְאַחַר כָּךְ מְחַבְּרָם:

וחבר IT — the ephod — SHALL BE JOINED with the two shoulder-pieces of the ephod: he shall join them below the belt with a needle and he shall not weave them together with it, but he must weave them separately and join them afterwards.

וחשב אפדתו. וְחָגוֹר שֶׁעַל יָדוֹ הוּא מְאַפְּדוֹ וּמְתַקְּנֵהוּ לַכֹּהֵן וּמְקַשְּׁטוֹ:

וחשב אפדתו This signifies, and the girdle by means of which he bedecks it (the ephod) and puts it in order for the priest and adorns him (cf. Rashi on v. 4).

אשר עליו. לְמַעְלָה בִּשְׂפַת הַסִּינָר, הִיא הַחֲגוֹרָה:

אשר עליו WHICH WAS UPON IT — above on the edge of the apron: this is therefore the girdle.

כמעשהו. כַּאֲרִיגַת הַסִּינָר מַעֲשֵׂה חוֹשֵׁב וּמֵחֲמֵשֶׁת מִינִים, כָּךְ אֲרִיגַת הַחֵשֶׁב מַעֲשֵׂה חוֹשֵׁב וּמֵחֲמֵשֶׁת מִינִין:

כמעשהו ACCORDING TO THE WORK THEREOF — as the weaving of the apron — the work of an artist and of the five materials — so the weaving of the belt, also, was the work of an artist and of the five materials.

ממנו יהיה. עִמּוֹ יִהְיֶה אָרוּג וְלֹא יַאַרְגֶנּוּ לְבַד וִיחַבְּרֶנּוּ:

ממנה יהיה IT SHALL BE OF THE SAME — it shall be woven together with it, and one shall not weave it separately, and join its afterwards.

כתולדתם. כַּסֵּדֶר שֶׁנּוֹלְדוּ – רְאוּבֵן, שִׁמְעוֹן, לֵוִי, יְהוּדָה, דָּן, נַפְתָלִי עַל הָאַחַת, וְעַל הַשְּׁנִיָּה גָּד, אָשֵׁר, יִשָּׂשכָר זְבוּלֻן, יוֹסֵף, בִּנְיָמִין מָלֵא, שֶׁכֵּן הוּא כָתוּב בִּמְקוֹם תּוֹלַדְתּוֹ, כ"ה אוֹתִיּוֹת בְּכָל אַחַת וְאַחַת:

כתולדתם ACCORDING TO THEIR BIRTH — in the order in which they were born: Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Dan, Naphtali upon one, and upon the other Gad, Asher, Issachar, Zebulun, Joseph and Benjamin — the last name being written full (plene, with a י before the last letter, thus: בנימין) for that is how it is written in the passage that tells of his birth (Genesis 35:18). This gives twenty-five letters on each stone (cf. Sotah 36a).

מעשה חרש אבן. מַעֲשֵׂה אֻמָּן שֶׁל אֲבָנִים, חָרַשׁ זֶה דָּבוּק הוּא לַתֵּבָה שֶׁלְּאַחֲרָיו וּלְפִיכָךְ הוּא נָקוּד פַּתָּח בְּסוֹפוֹ, וְכֵן חָרַשׁ עֵצִים נָטָה קָו (ישעיהו מ"ד) – חָרָשׁ שֶׁל עֵצִים, וְכֵן חָרַשׁ בַּרְזֶל מַעֲצָד, (שם), כָּל אֵלֶּה דְּבוּקִים וּפְתוּחִים:

מעשה חרש אבן means THE WORK OF AN ARTIFICER IN STONES. This word חרש is in close connection (i. e. in the construct state) with the word that follows it and therefore it is punctuated with Patach in its last syllable. Similar is, (Isaiah 44:13) “The חָרַשׁ עצים stretcheth out a line” i. e. the worker in wood. So, also, (Isaiah 44:12) “the worker in (חָרַשׁ) iron maketh an axe.” All these examples of חָרַשׁ are in close connection with the words that follows them and are therefore punctuated with Patach.

פתוחי חתם. כְּתַרְגּוּמוֹ כְּתַב מְפָרַשׁ כִּגְלֹף דְּעִזְקָא, חֲרוּצוֹת הָאוֹתִיּוֹת בְּתוֹכָן כְּמוֹ שֶׁחוֹרְצִין חוֹתְמֵי טַבָּעוֹת שֶׁהֵם לַחְתֹּם אִגְּרוֹת – כְּתָב נִכָּר וּמְפֹרָשׁ:

פתוחי חותם LIKE THE ENGRAVINGS OF A SIGNET — Understand this as the Targum renders it: a distinct writing like the engraving of a signet-ring: the letters were incised in them just as one incises the seals of a ring which are used to seal letters — a clear and distinct writing.

על שמת. כְּמוֹ בִּשְׁמֹת:

על שמות — This is the same as בשמות “with the names of”.

מסבת משבצות. מֻקָּפוֹת הָאֲבָנִים בְּמִשְׁבְּצוֹת זָהָב, שֶׁעוֹשֶׂה מוֹשַׁב הָאֶבֶן בְּזָהָב כְּמִין גֻּמָּא לְמִדַּת הָאֶבֶן וּמְשַׁקְּעָהּ בַּמִּשְׁבֶּצֶת, נִמְצֵאת הַמִּשְׁבֶּצֶת סוֹבֶבֶת אֶת הָאֶבֶן סָבִיב וּמְחַבֵּר הַמִּשְׁבְּצוֹת בְּכִתְפוֹת הָאֵפוֹד:

מסבת משבצות SURROUNDED WITH SETTINGS [OF GOLD] — Thou shalt make the stones to be surrounded by gold settings: the meaning is that they should make as a setting for each stone a kind of indentation in the gold, of the same size as the stone and sink it in the setting; thus the setting surrounds the stone on all sides. That setting they attached to the shoulder-pieces of the ephod.

לזכרן. שֶׁיְּהֵא רוֹאֶה הַקָּבָּ"ה אֶת הַשְּׁבָטִים כְּתוּבִים לְפָנָיו וְיִזְכֹּר צִדְקָתָם:

לזכרון FOR A MEMORIAL — so that the Holy One, blessed be He, will see the names of the tribes written before Him and He will remember their righteousness (cf. Exodus Rabbah 38:8).