ג׳
א׳יֵשׁ מִינִין בַּזְּרָעִין שֶׁיִּהְיֶה הַמִּין הָאֶחָד נִפְרָד לְצוּרוֹת הַרְבֵּה מִפְּנֵי שִׁנּוּי מְקוֹמוֹת וְהָעֲבוֹדָה שֶׁעוֹבְדִין הָאָרֶץ עַד שֶׁיֵּרָאֶה כִּשְׁנֵי מִינִין וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין דּוֹמִין זֶה לָזֶה הוֹאִיל וְהֵן מִין אֶחָד אֵינָן כִּלְאַיִם זֶה בָּזֶה:
1There are certain species of plants which will divide into separate forms because of the difference in the place [where they grow] and the differences in the manner in which the earth is cultivated until they appear as two species. Nevertheless, since they are one species, they are not considered as kilayim with each other.
ב׳וְיֵשׁ בַּזְּרָעִים שְׁנֵי מִינִין שֶׁהֵן דּוֹמִין זֶה לָזֶה וְצוּרַת שְׁנֵיהֶן קְרוֹבָה לִהְיוֹת צוּרָה אַחַת וְאַף עַל פִּי כֵן הוֹאִיל וְהֵן שְׁנֵי מִינִין הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ אֲסוּרִים זֶה עִם זֶה:
2And there are species of plants that resemble each other and whose form is close to being the same. Nevertheless, because they are two species, it is forbidden [to grow] them together.
ג׳כֵּיצַד. הַחֲזֶרֶת עִם חֲזֶרֶת גַּלִּים. וְהָעֵלְשִׁין עִם עֵלְשֵׁי שָׂדֶה. וְהַכְּרֵשִׁין עִם כְּרֵשֵׁי שָׂדֶה. הַכֻּסְבַּר עִם כֻּסְבַּר הָרִים. וְחַרְדָּל עִם חַרְדָּל מִצְרִי. וּדְלַעַת הַמִּצְרִית עִם דְּלַעַת הָרְמוּצָה אֵינָן כִּלְאַיִם זֶה בָּזֶה. וְכֵן הַחִטִּין עִם הַזּוּנִין. וְהַשְּׂעוֹרִים עִם שִׁבּלֶת שׁוּעָל. וְהַכֻּסְּמִין עִם הַשִּׁיפוֹן. וְהַפּוֹל עִם הַסַּפִּיר. וְהַפֻּרְקְדָּן עִם הַטֹּפַח. וּפוֹל לָבָן עִם הַשְּׁעוּעִים. וְהַקְּשׁוּת עִם הַמְּלָפְפוֹן. וְהַכְּרוּב עִם הַתְּרוֹבְתּוֹר. וְהַתְּרָדִין עִם הַלְּעוּנִין אֵינָן כִּלְאַיִם זֶה עִם זֶה. אֲבָל הַצְּנוֹן עִם הַנְּפוּסִין. וְהַחַרְדָּל עִם הַלַּפְסָן. וּדְלַעַת יְוָנִית עִם דְּלַעַת מִצְרִית אוֹ עִם דְּלַעַת הָרְמוּצָה אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁדּוֹמִים זֶה לָזֶה הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ כִּלְאַיִם זֶה בָּזֶה:
3What is implied? Lettuce with wavy lettuce,1In his Commentary to the Mishnah (Kilayim 1:2), the Rambam defines this as "mountain lettuce." The examples cited by the Rambam in this and following halachot are all taken from Kilayim, ch. 1. Our translation is largely dependent on the Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah and Rav Kappach's notes to that text. endives and wild endives, leek and wild leek, coriander and mountain coriander, mustard and Egyptian mustard, Egyptian squash and squash of ashes,2This squash has a bitter taste and is made edible only by putting it in a remetz, a pit filled with smoldering ashes (ibid.). are not considered as kilayim with each other. Similarly, wheat and undomesticated wheat, barley and oats, rye and spelt, beans and white peas, fabaceae and leguminosaea,3Two types of wild beans. white beans with azuki beans, zucchini and cucumbers, cabbage and cauliflower, beets and sorrel are not kilayim with each other. But radishes and Israeli radishes,4See Halachah 6. mustard and bitter cabbage, Greek squash and Egyptian squash, or and squash of ashes, although they resemble each other are kilayim with each other.
ד׳וְכֵן בְּאִילָן שֶׁיֵּשׁ שְׁנֵי מִינִין שֶׁדּוֹמִין זֶה לָזֶה בָּעָלִין אוֹ בַּפֵּרוֹת הוֹאִיל וְהֵן שְׁנֵי מִינִין הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ כִּלְאַיִם. כֵּיצַד. הַתַּפּוּחַ עִם הַחִזְרָד. וְהַפַּרְסְקִין עִם הַשְּׁקֵדִים. וְהַשֵּׁזָפִין עִם הָרִימִין אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁדּוֹמִין זֶה לָזֶה הֲרֵי הֵן כִּלְאַיִם זֶה בָּזֶה. אֲבָל הָאֲגַסִּים עִם הַקְרוּסְטְמָלִים וְהַפְּרִישִׁים עִם הָעֵזְרָדִין אֵינָן כִּלְאַיִם זֶה בָּזֶה:
4Similarly, with regard to trees, there are species which resemble each other with regard to their leaves or their fruit, but since they are separate species, they are kilayim. What is implied? Apples and crabapples, peaches and almonds, prunes and Arabian jujube, although they resemble each other are kilayim with each other. But apricots and white plums and quince and lavallei are not kilayim with each other.
ה׳וְכֵן אִם יֵשׁ שָׁם זְרָעִים וְאִילָנוֹת אֲחֵרוֹת אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהֵן שְׁנֵי מִינִין בְּטִבְעָן הוֹאִיל וְעָלִין שֶׁל זֶה דּוֹמִין לְעָלִין שֶׁל זֶה אוֹ פְּרִי שֶׁל זֶה דּוֹמֶה לִפְרִי שֶׁל זֶה דִּמְיוֹן גָּדוֹל עַד שֶׁיֵּרָאוּ כִּשְׁנֵי גְּוָנִין מִמִּין אֶחָד לֹא חָשְׁשׁוּ לָהֶן לְכִלְאַיִם זֶה עִם זֶה שֶׁאֵין הוֹלְכִין בְּכִלְאַיִם אֶלָּא אַחַר מַרְאִית הָעַיִן:
5Similarly, there are other plants and trees which [our Sages] did not classify as kilayim although they are inherently two different species, because the leaves of one resemble the leaves of the other or the fruit of one resembles the fruit of the other very closely to the extent that they appear as different shades of the same species. [The rationale is that] with regard to kilayim we follow the appearance alone.5The Rambam also states this principle in his Commentary to the Mishnah (Kilayim 3:1). According to his understanding, it is our perception which determines whether one is mixing species or not. Their biological nature is a secondary factor.
ו׳כֵּיצַד. הַלֶּפֶת עִם הַצְּנוֹן אֵינָן כִּלְאַיִם זֶה בָּזֶה מִפְּנֵי שֶׁפִּרְיֵיהֶן שָׁוִין. וְהַלֶּפֶת עִם הַנְּפוּס אֵינָן כִּלְאַיִם זֶה בָּזֶה מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהֶעָלִין שֶׁלָּהֶן שָׁוִין. אֲבָל צְנוֹן עִם הַנְּפוּס אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהֶעָלִין דּוֹמִין זֶה לָזֶה וְהַפְּרִי דּוֹמֶה לַפְּרִי הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ כִּלְאַיִם הוֹאִיל וְטַעַם פְּרִי זֶה רָחוֹק מִטַּעַם פְּרִי זֶה בְּיוֹתֵר. וְכֵן כָּל כַּיּוֹצֵא בְּאֵלּוּ:
6What is implied? Turnips and radishes are not kilayim with each other because their fruits are similar.6The Ra'avad differs on the principle explained by the Rambam and considers these species as kilayim. Turnips and Israeli radishes are not kilayim with each other, because their leaves resemble each other. But radishes and Israeli radishes are kilayim even though their fruits resembles each other and their leaves resemble each other, because the taste of the fruits are drastically different from each other.
ז׳כַּמָּה מַרְחִיקִין בֵּין שְׁנֵי מִינֵי זְרָעִים שֶׁהֵן כִּלְאַיִם זֶה עִם זֶה. כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּהְיוּ נִרְאִים מֻבְדָּלִין זֶה מִזֶּה. אֲבָל אִם נִרְאִין שֶׁנִּזְרְעוּ בְּעִרְבּוּבְיָא הֲרֵי זֶה אָסוּר:
7How much is it necessary to separate between two species of plants so that they will not be considered as kilayim [when planting them in the same field]? So that [the two species] will look distinct from each other. If, however, they appear as if they were sown together, this is forbidden.7The Rambam is stating a general principle with which he introduces the coming halachot.
ח׳וְשִׁעוּרִין רַבִּים יֵשׁ בְּהַרְחָקָה הַזֹּאת הַכּל לְפִי גֹּדֶל הַשָּׂדֶה הַנִּזְרַעַת וּלְפִי רֹב הֶעָלִין וְשִׁלּוּחַ הַיּוֹנְקוֹת:
8There are many different measures given with regard to the distance required to make this distinction. Everything depends on the size of the field that is being sown and the proliferation of leaves [the plants have] and the extent to which their branches spread out.
ט׳כֵּיצַד. שָׂדֵהוּ שֶׁהָיְתָה זְרוּעָה מִין תְּבוּאָה וּבִקֵּשׁ לִזְרֹעַ בְּצִדָּהּ מִין תְּבוּאָה אַחֶרֶת בְּשָׂדֶה אַחַת מַרְחִיק בֵּינֵיהֶן בֵּית רֹבַע וְהוּא כְּעֶשֶׂר אַמּוֹת וְחֹמֶשׁ אַמָּה עַל עֶשֶׂר אַמּוֹת וְחֹמֶשׁ אַמָּה מְרֻבָּע בֵּין מִן הָאֶמְצַע בֵּין מִן הַצַּד. וְאִם לֹא הָיָה בֵּינֵיהֶן כַּשִּׁעוּר הַזֶּה אָסוּר וְאֵינוֹ לוֹקֶה עַד שֶׁיִּהְיוּ קְרוֹבִין בְּתוֹךְ שִׁשָּׁה טְפָחִים:
9What is implied? If a person had sown a species of grain in his field and he sought to sow another species of grain in another field at its side, he must make a separation the size of the area in which one can sow a quarter of a kav between the two. This is approximately8I.e., slightly more than that sum (Kessef Mishneh). ten and one fifth cubits by ten and one fifth cubits. [This applies] whether [the space left empty ceases] in the midst [of these fields] or [continues along their entire] side.9Our translation is based on the gloss of the Kessef Mishneh who cites the Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah (Kilayim 3:3) as a source.The Radbaz and the Kessef Mishneh cite the Jerusalem Talmud (Kilayim 2:7) which states that if one species surrounds the other on all four sides, such a separation is not sufficient. They say that one could understand the Rambam as alluding to that view. The Aruch HaShulchan 297:32, however, explains that the Rambam differs. If there is less than this space between them, sowing [these crops] are forbidden, but he is not liable for lashes unless they are six handbreadths [or less] close to each other.10I.e., unless it is less than the smaller figure, it is not forbidden by Scriptural Law. Nevertheless, as a safeguard, our Sages required an even greater separation.
י׳הָיְתָה שָׂדֵהוּ זְרוּעָה יָרָק וּבִקֵּשׁ לִזְרֹעַ בְּצִדָּהּ שְׂדֵה יָרָק אַחֵר אֲפִלּוּ דְּלַעַת מַרְחִיק בֵּין שְׁתֵּי הַשָּׂדוֹת שִׁשָּׁה טְפָחִים עַל שִׁשָּׁה טְפָחִים מְרֻבָּע בֵּין מִן הַצַּד בֵּין מִן הָאֶמְצַע. וּפָחוֹת מִשִּׁעוּר זֶה אָסוּר וְאֵינוֹ לוֹקֶה עַד שֶׁיִּהְיוּ קְרוֹבִין בְּתוֹךְ טֶפַח:
10If his field was sown with vegetables and he desired to sow another species of vegetables - even squash11Whose leaves spread very far (see Halachah 13). - in another field at its side, he must make a separation of a square six handbreadths by six handbreadths between the two whether [the space left empty ceases] in the midst [of these fields] or [continues along their entire] side. If there is less than this space between them, sowing [these crops] are forbidden, but he is not liable for lashes unless they are within a handbreadth of each other.12Although the Ra'avad rules stringently, stating that the measures mentioned in the previous halachah apply in this instance as well, the Radbaz and the Kessef Mishneh justify the Rambam's approach.
י״אהָיְתָה אַחַת מִשְּׁתֵּי הַשָּׂדוֹת זְרוּעָה תְּבוּאָה וְהַשְּׁנִיָּה שֶׁבְּצִדָּהּ יָרָק אוֹ דְּלַעַת מַרְחִיק בֵּינֵיהֶן בֵּית רֹבַע:
11If there was grain sown in one of two fields and vegetables or squash sown in the other, one must make a separation the size of the area in which one can sow a quarter of a kav between the two.13Since there is grain involved, we rule stringently (Radbaz).
י״בבַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים שֶׁצָּרִיךְ לְהַרְחָקָה בַּשִּׁעוּרִין הַלָּלוּ בֵּין שְׁתֵּי שָׂדוֹת. אֲבָל אִם הָיְתָה שָׂדֵהוּ זְרוּעָה יָרָק וְרָצָה לִזְרֹעַ בְּצִדָּהּ שׁוּרָה שֶׁל יָרָק מִמִּין אַחֵר דַּיּוֹ לַעֲשׂוֹת בֵּין הַשָּׂדֶה וּבֵין הַשּׁוּרָה תֶּלֶם אֶחָד אָרְכּוֹ שִׁשָּׁה טְפָחִים בִּלְבַד וְרָחְבּוֹ כְּעָמְקוֹ:
12When does the need to make a distinction of the size mentioned above apply? Between two fields.14Here the Rambam does not define what constitutes a field. In Hilchot Matanot Aniyim 3:4, he states that a small field is 50 cubits by 2 cubits and in Hilchot Shechenim 1:4, he defines a field as a place that is fit to sow nine kabbim. In his Commentary to the Mishnah (Bava Basra 1:6), he defines that as being 3750 sq. cubits. If, however, he had sowed vegetables in his field and he desires to sow a row of another species of vegetables at their side,15If he wants to sow this row in the middle of the field, he must leave such a trench on either side (Radbaz). it is sufficient for him to leave a trench six handbreadths long16For a separation this size is sufficient to set the row apart as a distinct entity [the Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah (Kilayim 3:3)]. with its width the same as its depth17The trench must be at least a handbreadth deep.The Ra'avad differs with the Rambam's interpretation of this concept, but the Radbaz and the Kessef Mishneh substantiate the Rambam's understanding. between the row and the field.
י״גהָיְתָה שָׂדֵהוּ זְרוּעָה תְּבוּאָה וְרָצָה לִזְרֹעַ בְּתוֹכָהּ שׁוּרָה שֶׁל יָרָק אֲפִלּוּ שׁוּרָה שֶׁל דְּלוּעִין שֶׁעָלִין שֶׁלָּהֶן אֲרֻכִּים וּמִסְתַּבְּכִין מַרְחִיק בֵּינֵיהֶן שִׁשָּׁה טְפָחִים. וְאִם נִמְשְׁכוּ הֶעָלִים שֶׁל דְּלַעַת וְנִכְנְסוּ לַתְּבוּאָה וְנִסְתַּבְּכוּ בָּהּ יַעֲקֹר מִן הַתְּבוּאָה שֶׁלִּפְנֵי הַדְּלַעַת עַד שֶׁלֹּא יִתְעָרְבוּ הֶעָלִין. וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר שֶׁאִם זָרַע שׁוּרָה מִמִּין זֶה וְשׁוּרָה מִמִּין אַחֵר שֶׁדַּיּוֹ לִהְיוֹת בֵּינֵיהֶן תֶּלֶם אֶחָד כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר:
13When a field is sown with grain and a person desires to sow a row of vegetables - even squash whose leaves are long and become tangled - in its midst, he must leave a distance of six handbreadths between them.18See Chapter 4, Halachah 3, and notes. If the leaves of the squash became extended and entered into [the portion where] the grain [was sown] and became entangled with it, he should uproot enough of the grain in front of the squash so that the leaves will not become tangled.19The Radbaz explains that he could also cut off the extensions of the squash plants, but apparently, he would suffer a greater loss from doing that than from uprooting the grain. Hence, the Rambam is simply giving him good advice. Needless to say, if he sowed one row of one species and another row of another species, it is sufficient for there to be one trench between them, as will be explained.20The Radbaz mentions that this also refers to the concepts mentioned in the previous halachah. It is, nevertheless, placed here to teach that even though there is grain involved (see Halachah 9), since we are speaking only of one row, there is no need for additional stringency.
י״דהִרְחִיק בֵּין שְׁנֵי הַמִּינִין הַרְחָקָה הָרְאוּיָה לָהֶן וְהָיָה מִין זֶה נוֹטֶה עַל גַּבֵּי מִין זֶה בֵּין שֶׁנָּטְתָה תְּבוּאָה עַל הַתְּבוּאָה אוֹ יָרָק עַל גַּבֵּי יָרָק אוֹ יָרָק עַל הַתְּבוּאָה אוֹ תְּבוּאָה עַל הַיָּרָק הַכּל מֻתָּר. שֶׁהֲרֵי הִרְחִיק כַּשִּׁעוּר. חוּץ מִדְּלַעַת יְוָנִית שֶׁהִיא נִמְשֶׁכֶת הַרְבֵּה. לְפִיכָךְ אִם נָטְתָה יַעֲקֹר מִלְּפָנֶיהָ כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ:
14If he made an appropriate separation between the two species, but one of the species became draped upon the other one - whether the grain became draped upon other grain, a vegetable upon another vegetable, a vegetable upon grain, or grain upon a vegetable - everything is permitted, for he made a separation of the appropriate measure. [There is one] exception, Greek squash, because it becomes extended very far. Therefore if it becomes draped upon [another species], one should uproot the species in front of it,21Even though there is an appropriate separation, the species appear to be mixed [the Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah (Kilayim 3:11)]. as explained [in the previous halachah].
ט״והָיָה בֵּין שְׁנֵי הַמִּינִים בּוֹר אוֹ נִיר אוֹ גַּפָּה אוֹ דֶּרֶךְ אוֹ גָּדֵר שֶׁהוּא גָּבוֹהַּ עֲשָׂרָה טְפָחִים אוֹ חָרִיץ שֶׁהוּא עָמֹק עֲשָׂרָה טְפָחִים וְרָחָב אַרְבָּעָה. אוֹ אִילָן שֶׁהוּא מֵסֵךְ עַל הָאָרֶץ. אוֹ סֶלַע שֶׁהוּא גָּבוֹהַּ עֲשָׂרָה טְפָחִים וְרָחָב אַרְבָּעָה. הֲרֵי זֶה מֻתָּר לִסְמֹךְ הַמִּין הָאֶחָד לְצַד אֶחָד מֵאֵלּוּ וְהַמִּין הָאַחֵר לַצַּד הַשֵּׁנִי הוֹאִיל וְאֶחָד מִכָּל אֵלּוּ מַבְדִּיל בֵּינֵיהֶן הֲרֵי הֵן נִרְאִים מֻבְדָּלִין זֶה מִזֶּה:
15If between two species there were [any of the following] - a cistern,22Our translation follows the gloss of the Radbaz. Others interpret the term bor as referring to an unplowed field. a plowed field left fallow, a stone fence, a path,23Which is four cubits wide (see Hilchot Matanot Aniyim 3:3). a wooden fence that is ten handbreadths high, a trench that is ten handbreadths deep and four handbreadths wide, a tree whose branches hang to the earth,24And thus it appears as a tent [the Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah (Kilayim 3:11)]. or a rock that is ten handbreadths high and four [handbreadths] wide - it is permissible to place the one species on one side of [the divider] and the other species on the other side [of the divider]. Since one of the above is separating between them, they appear distinct from each other.
ט״זבַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים שֶׁצָּרִיךְ הַרְחָקָה אוֹ דָּבָר הַמַּבְדִּיל בְּשֶׁזָּרַע בְּתוֹךְ שָׂדֵהוּ. אֲבָל אִם הָיְתָה שָׂדֵהוּ זְרוּעָה חִטִּים מֻתָּר לַחֲבֵרוֹ לִזְרֹעַ בְּצִדָּהּ שְׂעוֹרִים שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא יט יט) "שָׂדְךָ לֹא תִזְרַע כִּלְאָיִם". אֵין הָאִסּוּר אֶלָּא שֶׁיִּזְרַע שָׂדֵהוּ כִּלְאַיִם שֶׁלֹּא נֶאֱמַר הָאָרֶץ לֹא תִזְרַע כִּלְאָיִם. וְלֹא עוֹד אֶלָּא אֲפִלּוּ זָרַע בְּתוֹךְ שָׂדֵהוּ שְׂעוֹרִים סָמוּךְ לַחִטִּים וּמָשַׁךְ זֶרַע הַשְּׂעוֹרִים עַד שֶׁסְּמָכוֹ לִשְׂדֵה חֲבֵרוֹ שֶׁהִיא זְרוּעָה שְׂעוֹרִים הֲרֵי זֶה מֻתָּר. מִפְּנֵי שֶׁנִּרְאוּ הַשְּׂעוֹרִים שֶׁבְּתוֹךְ שָׂדֵהוּ שֶׁהֵן סוֹף שְׂדֵה חֲבֵרוֹ:
16When is it necessary for there to be such a separation or a divider? When one is sowing [the two species] in his own field. If, however, one person sowed wheat in his field, his colleague is permitted to sow barley in a bordering [field], as [implied by] Leviticus 19:19]: "Do not sow mixed species in your field." The prohibition applies only to sowing mixed species in one's own field. For the Torah does not say: "Mixed species shall not be sown on the earth."25This ruling is an outgrowth of the rationale for the prohibition against mixed species: not to intermingle the different spiritual powers that give energy to the various crops (see the commentary of Rabbenu Bachaye to Leviticus 19:19 . If the properties belong to two different people - even though the land on which the different crops grow are adjacent - the two spiritual mediums of nurture will not be intermingled (Yayin Malchut).The Ra'avad does not accept the Rambam's ruling. He accepts the following clause - for it is an explicit mishnah (Kilayim 2:7) - but maintains that the sowing of the two species next to each other are acceptable in that instance, because at the outset, there was a clear distinction. In this instance, by contrast, there is no distinction at the outset, and it appears that a prohibition was violated. The Radbaz justifies the Rambam's ruling, stating that if one is allowed to sow mixed species in his own field, because it appears to be an extension of his colleague's field, certainly, his colleague is allowed to plant a different species in his own field.Moreover, even if one planted barley in his own field next to wheat and extended the barley until it was adjacent to the field of his colleague which was planted with barley, it is permitted. [The rationale is that] the barley in his own field appears to be the end of his colleague's field.26And thus they will not appear as mixed species to an onlooker.
י״זהָיְתָה שָׂדֵהוּ זְרוּעָה חִטִּים וּשְׂדֵה חֲבֵרוֹ בְּצִדָּהּ זְרוּעָה חִטִּים מֻתָּר לוֹ לִזְרֹעַ תֶּלֶם אֶחָד שֶׁל פִּשְׁתָּן בְּצַד חִטִּים שֶׁלּוֹ סָמוּךְ לִשְׂדֵה חֲבֵרוֹ. שֶׁהָרוֹאֶה יוֹדֵעַ שֶׁאֵין דֶּרֶךְ הָעָם לִזְרֹעַ תֶּלֶם אֶחָד שֶׁל פִּשְׁתָּן וְלֹא נִתְכַּוֵּן זֶה אֶלָּא לִבְדֹּק שָׂדֵהוּ אִם רְאוּיָה הִיא לִזְרֹעַ פִּשְׁתָּן אִם לֹא וְנִמְצָא כְּזוֹרֵעַ לְהַשְׁחָתָה. לְפִיכָךְ אָסוּר לִזְרֹעַ מִין אַחֵר בֵּין שְׁתֵּי שׁוּרוֹת אֵלּוּ שֶׁהֵן מִמִּין אֶחָד עַד שֶׁיַּרְחִיק בְּתוֹךְ שֶׁלּוֹ:
17If his field was planted with wheat and a colleague's field adjoining it was planted with wheat, he is permitted to sow one row of flax at the side of his wheat adjoining his colleague's field.27Despite the fact that the two fields appear to be one continuous field of wheat, planting the one row of flax is permitted for the rationale explained by the Rambam (Radbaz). [The rationale is that] an observer knows that it is not the common practice to sow only one row of flax and this person is merely testing his field to see if it is fit to plant flax or not. Thus he is sowing the seed with the intent of destroying it.28I.e., he is not intending to reap any benefit from planting this flax. For this reason, the prohibition against kilayim does not apply. Therefore,29I.e., since the reason for the leniency is that everyone can see that he has no benefit from the row of flax, when that rationale does not apply, the leniency is not granted. it is forbidden to sow another species30I.e., a species other than flax that people might commonly sow only one row of. between these two fields31Our text is based on authoritative manuscripts of the Mishneh Torah. The version in the standard printed text is slightly different. that are planted with one species until he makes a distinction [between the two species] within his own property.
י״חהָיְתָה שָׂדֵהוּ וּשְׂדֵה חֲבֵרוֹ שֶׁבְּצִדָּהּ זְרוּעִין שְׁנֵי מִינֵי תְּבוּאָה לֹא יִזְרַע בֵּינֵיהֶם חַרְדָּל וַחֲרִיעַ אֲפִלּוּ תֶּלֶם אֶחָד מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהָעָם זוֹרְעִים מֵאֵלּוּ תֶּלֶם אֶחָד. אֲבָל אִם הָיוּ שְׁתֵּי הַשָּׂדוֹת זְרוּעִין שְׁנֵי מִינֵי יְרָקוֹת מֻתָּר לִזְרֹעַ בֵּינֵיהֶן חַרְדָּל אוֹ חֲרִיעַ. שֶׁמֻּתָּר לְהַקִּיף חַרְדָּל אוֹ חֲרִיעַ לְכָל מִין חוּץ מִן הַתְּבוּאָה מִפְּנֵי שֶׁאֵינָן מַזִּיקִין אוֹתָהּ. וְכֵן אִם הָיְתָה זָוִית שֶׁל זֶרַע זֶה נוֹגַעַת בְּצֶלַע שֶׁל זֶרַע הָאַחֵר בְּתוֹךְ שָׂדֵהוּ הֲרֵי זֶה מֻתָּר מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהֵן נִרְאִין מֻבְדָּלִין זֶה מִזֶּה. וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר אִם הָיְתָה זָוִית שֶׁל זֶרַע זֶה נוֹגַעַת בְּזָוִית שֶׁל זֶרַע הָאַחֵר מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהֵן נִרְאִין כְּסוֹף שָׂדֶה שֶׁנָּגַע בְּסוֹף שָׂדֶה שֶׁהוּא מֻתָּר בְּלֹא הַרְחָקָה וְלֹא הַבְדָּלָה כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ:
18When a person's field and a colleague's field were sown with two [different] types of grain,32Needless to say, this applies when the fields are sown with the same species (Radbaz). he should not sow even one row of mustard seed or safflower seed, because it is customary to sow one row of these.33I.e., these are crops for which there is a benefit in sowing a single row. Hence, in contrast to the flax mentioned in the previous halachah, a prohibition exists.The commentaries note that the Rambam's statements here appear to contradict his statement in Chapter 1, Halachah 9, in which he states that it is customary to sow entire fields of mustard seed. They are, however, reinforced by his statements in Hilchot Matnot Aniyim 3:11. If, however, there were two fields planted with different species of vegetables, it is permitted to sow mustard seed or safflower seed between them. For it is permitted to bring any species close to mustard seed or safflower seed with the exception of grain.34Since mustard seed and safflower seed have a harmful effect on other crops, there is no prohibition. Significantly, in his Commentary on the Mishnah (Kilayim 2:8), the Rambam writes the direct opposite that mustard seed and safflower seed have a harmful effect on grain, but not on other crops.Rav Yosef Corcus notes that from the previous halachah, one might think that it is permitted to plant only a row of flax, but not of other species, because only flax is planted as an experiment. And from this halachah, one might think only mustard seed and safflower seed are forbidden, for otherwise, there would be no reason to single them out individually, but other species are permitted. In resolution, he explains that here the emphasis is on mustard seed and flax seed individually. Since they are permitted next to other species, one might think that they are also permitted next to grain. Hence, it is necessary to emphasize that this is not so. [There is a stringency in the latter instance, because the mustard seed or safflower seed] do not have a harmful effect on [grain].Similarly, if a corner [of a portion] of one's field [sown] with one species touches a block [of the field sown] with another species, it is permitted, because they appear separate from each other.35Even though they are adjacent, the manner in which they are planted makes a clear distinction. Needless to say, if the corner [of a portion of one's field sown] with one species touches a corner [of the field sown] with another species, it is permitted without setting them apart or making a distinction as we explained,36In Halachah 16. because it appears that it is the end of one field that touched the end of another field.
ד׳
א׳מֻתָּר לִזְרֹעַ שְׁתֵּי שׁוּרוֹת זוֹ בְּצַד זוֹ שֶׁל קִשּׁוּאִין וּשְׁתֵּי שׁוּרוֹת בְּצִדָּן שֶׁל דְּלוּעִין. וּשְׁתֵּי שׁוּרוֹת שֶׁל פּוֹל הַמִּצְרִי. וְתֶלֶם בֵּין כָּל מִין וָמִין. אֲבָל לֹא יִזְרַע שׁוּרָה אַחַת שֶׁל קִשּׁוּאִין וְשׁוּרָה אַחַת שֶׁל דְּלוּעִין וְשׁוּרָה אַחַת שֶׁל פּוֹל הַמִּצְרִי אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהַתֶּלֶם מַבְדִּיל בֵּין כָּל מִין וָמִין מִפְּנֵי שֶׁמִּינִין אֵלּוּ עָלִים שֶׁלָּהֶן אֲרֻכִּין וְנִמְשָׁכִין וּמִסְתַּבְּכִין. וְאִם זְרָעָן שׁוּרָה בְּצַד שׁוּרָה יִתְעָרֵב הַכּל וְנִרְאוּ כְּנִזְרָעִין בְּעִרְבּוּבְיָא:
1It is permitted to sow two rows of zucchini next to each other, next to them two rows of squash, next to them two rows of Egyptian beans, [provided] there is a trench1Chapter 3, Halachah 12, states that these trenches must be as wide as they are deep. The Aruch HaShulchan writes that the trench must be at least four handbreadths wide. between each species.2Although these species are considered as kilayim, sowing them in this manner is permitted, because of the precautions that are taken. For each block of a particular crop appears as a separate field [the Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah (Kilayim 3:4)].Although in the following halachah, a twelve cubit stretch of each crop is required, that is because one is sowing only one row of the squash. Hence, it does not look like a field of squash and sowing a larger stretch of vegetables is required (Radbaz). One should not, however, sow one row of zucchini, one row of squash, and one row of Egyptian beans, even though there is a trench separating between each species, because the leaves of these species grow long and become extended and tangled. If they are sown one row next to another, everything will become intermingled and it will appear that he sowed [the crops] as a mixture.
ב׳הָיְתָה שָׂדֵהוּ זְרוּעָה מִין מִמִּינֵי יְרָקוֹת וּבִקֵּשׁ לִזְרֹעַ בְּתוֹכָהּ שׁוּרוֹת שׁוּרוֹת שֶׁל דְּלוּעִין עוֹקֵר מִן הַיָּרָק מָקוֹם שֶׁזּוֹרֵעַ בּוֹ שׁוּרָה שֶׁל דְּלוּעִין וּמַבְדִּיל בֵּינָהּ וּבֵין הַיָּרָק בְּתֶלֶם וּמַנִּיחַ מִן הַיָּרָק רֹחַב שְׁתֵּים עֶשְׂרֵה אַמָּה וְעוֹשֶׂה שׁוּרָה שְׁנִיָּה שֶׁל דְּלוּעִין וּמַבְדִּיל בֵּינָהּ וּבֵין הַיָּרָק בְּתֶלֶם. וְכֵן עַד מָקוֹם שֶׁיִּרְצֶה. שֶׁנִּמְצָא בֵּין כָּל שְׁתֵּי שׁוּרוֹת שֶׁל דְּלוּעִין שְׁתֵּים עֶשְׂרֵה אַמָּה. אֲבָל פָּחוֹת מִיכַּן אָסוּר מִפְּנֵי הֶעָלִין שֶׁמִּסְתַּבְּכִין מִיכַּן וּמִיכַּן בַּיָּרָק שֶׁבֵּינֵיהֶם וְנִרְאֶה הַכּל כְּאִלּוּ נִזְרַע בְּעִרְבּוּבְיָא:
2If a person's field was planted with types of vegetables and he desired to plant several rows of squash3In his Commentary to the Mishnah (ibid.:6), the Rambam writes that a row of squash is four cubits wide. in it, [he must do the following]: Rip up from the vegetables a place where he will plant a row of squash and separate between it and the vegetables with a trench. He then leaves a twelve cubit section of vegetables and plants a second row of squash, dividing between it and the vegetables with a trench. Similarly, [he should follow this pattern] until [he reaches] the place he desires. Thus there will be twelve cubits between each two rows of squash.4In such an instance, each block of vegetables appears as a separate field, as stated above (Radbaz).The width of the trench is not counted because it does not have a specific measure, nor must it extend over the entire length of the field (Rav Yosef Corcus). If there is less than this measure, it is forbidden, because the leaves will become tangled with the vegetables between them on either side and it will appear that he sowed [the crops] as a mixture.
ג׳הָיְתָה שׁוּרָה שֶׁל דְּלַעַת זְרוּעָה אֲפִלּוּ דְּלַעַת יְחִידִית וּבָא לִזְרֹעַ בְּצִדָּהּ תְּבוּאָה. מַרְחִיק בֵּית רֹבַע. שֶׁהֲרֵי נִמְשְׁכוּ עָלֶיהָ וְהֶחֱזִיקָה מָקוֹם גָּדוֹל. וְכָל דָּבָר שֶׁיִּהְיֶה בְּתוֹךְ בֵּית רֹבַע שֶׁמַּרְחִיקִין בֵּין שְׁנֵי הַמִּינִין עוֹלֶה מִן הַמִּדָּה כְּגוֹן הַקֶּבֶר וְהַסֶּלַע וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן:
3When [a person has] a row of squash sown or even one squash [plant] and desires to plant grain next to it, he must [leave empty a portion] large enough to sow a fourth [of a kav],510 and one fifth cubits by 10 and one fifth cubits. This stringency is required because the laws governing grain are stricter than those governing vegetables. for [the squash plants'] leaves have become extended and are considered to have taken possession of a large area.6The Radbaz notes that in Chapter 3, Halachah 13, the Rambam speaks of making a separation of six handbreadths between grain and squash and here, he requires a much larger figure. He explains that here we are speaking about a situation in which the squash has already grown and its leaves are extended, while there we are speaking of squash that is just beginning to grow. Any entity, e.g., a grave, a rock,7I.e., a rock that is less the ten handbreadths high and four handbreadths wide. If it is of the latter size, it alone is considered a sufficient divider, as stated in Chapter 3, Halachah 15. or the like, that exists within [the area] large enough to sow a fourth [of a kav] that is left empty as a separation between these two species is considered as part of the measure.
ד׳הַתֶּלֶם אוֹ אַמַּת הַמַּיִם שֶׁהֵן עֲמֻקִּים טֶפַח זוֹרְעִין לְתוֹכוֹ שְׁלֹשָׁה מִינֵי זְרָעִים אֶחָד עַל שְׂפַת הַתֶּלֶם מִיכַּן וְאֶחָד מִיכַּן וְאֶחָד בָּאֶמְצַע:
4When a trench or an irrigation ditch are a handbreadth deep,8If they are not this deep, they are considered to be flush with the earth and the leniency mentioned in this halachah does not apply. one may sow three types of plants within them: one on each edge of the trench and one in the middle.9For each type of plant appears distinct.
ה׳וּמֻתָּר לִנְטֹעַ שְׁנֵי מִינִין בְּתוֹךְ גֻּמָּא אַחַת. וַאֲפִלּוּ קִישׁוּת וּדְלַעַת. וְהוּא שֶׁיִּהְיֶה מִין זֶה נוֹטֶה מֵעַל שְׂפַת הַגֻּמָּא לְכָאן וְהַמִּין הָאַחֵר נוֹטֶה לַצַּד הַשֵּׁנִי וְיֵרָאוּ נִבְדָּלִין זֶה מִזֶּה. וְכֵן אִם נָטַע אַרְבָּעָה מִינִין בְּתוֹךְ הַגֻּמָּא וַהֲפָכָן לְאַרְבַּע רוּחוֹתֶיהָ הֲרֵי זֶה מֻתָּר:
5It is permitted to sow two species in one pit - even zucchini and squash10Whose leaves spread and become entangled [the Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah (Kilayim 3:5)]. - provided that one is leaning above one side of the pit and the other leans above the other side and thus they appear separate from each other.11And the foundation of the prohibition of Kilayim is the impression created (ibid.). Similarly, if one planted four species in a pit and pointed them to each of the four directions, it is permitted.
ו׳הָרוֹצֶה לִזְרֹעַ שָׂדֵהוּ מֵשַּׁר מֵשַּׁר מִכָּל מִין וָמִין מַרְחִיק בֵּין כָּל מֵשַּׁר וּמֵשַּׁר שְׁתֵּי אַמּוֹת עַל שְׁתֵּי אַמּוֹת וּמֵצֵר וְהוֹלֵךְ עַד שֶׁלֹּא יִשָּׁאֵר בֵּינֵיהֶן בְּסוֹף הַמֵשַּׁר אֶלָּא כָּל שֶׁהוּא. שֶׁהֲרֵי הֵן נִרְאִין שֶׁלֹּא נִזְרְעוּ בְּעִרְבּוּבְיָא:
6When a person desires to sow his field in many long rows of different species, he should make a separation of two cubits by two cubits [at the beginning of the rows]. He may then continually reduce the width of the empty space until at the end of the rows, there is only the slightest amount of empty space between them. [This is permitted,] because they do not look like they have been sown as a mixture.12I.e., the separation made initially is sufficient to distinguish the crops sown throughout the field.
ז׳רָצָה לַעֲשׂוֹת שָׂדֵהוּ קָרַחַת קָרַחַת מִכָּל מִין וָמִין לֹא יַעֲשֶׂה בְּתוֹךְ כָּל בֵּית סְאָה יֶתֶר עַל תֵּשַׁע קָרָחוֹת כָּל קָרַחַת מֵהֶן בֵּית רֹבַע וְנִמְצָא רָחוֹק בֵּין קָרַחַת וְקָרַחַת קָרוֹב לְעֶשֶׂר אַמּוֹת פָּחוֹת רְבִיעַ. שֶׁכָּל בֵּית סְאָה חֲמִשִּׁים עַל חֲמִשִּׁים:
7If a person wants to plant his field in squares13The Ra'avad notes that the Rambam uses the term karachat which usually means "bald patch" to refer, not to the area of the field that is left empty, but the area which is planted. of different species, he should not plant more than nine squares in a field large enough to sow a se'ah. Each square should be large enough to sow a quarter of a kav.14Ten and one fifth cubits, as stated in Chapter 3, Halachah 10. Thus there will be approximately ten cubits minus a fourth of a cubit between each square, for the area in which a se'ah can be sown is fifty [cubits] by fifty [cubits].
ח׳וּמַה בֵּין הַמֵשַּׁר לַקָּרַחַת שֶׁהַמֵשַּׁר אָרֹךְ וְהַקָּרַחַת מְרֻבַּעַת:
8What is the difference between the terms meishar and karachat?15The Hebrew terms used in the two preceding halachot. The former is long and the latter is square.
ט׳מִינֵי יְרָקוֹת שֶׁאֵין דֶּרֶךְ בְּנֵי אָדָם לִזְרֹעַ מֵהֶם אֶלָּא מְעַט מְעַט כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ מֻתָּר לִזְרֹעַ מֵהֶם אֲפִלּוּ חֲמִשָּׁה מִינִין בְּתוֹךְ עֲרוּגָה אַחַת שֶׁהִיא שִׁשָּׁה טְפָחִים עַל שִׁשָּׁה טְפָחִים. וְהוּא שֶׁיִּזְרַע אַרְבָּעָה מִינִין בְּאַרְבַּע רוּחוֹת הָעֲרוּגָה וְאֶחָד בָּאֶמְצַע. וְיַרְחִיק בֵּין כָּל מִין וָמִין כְּמוֹ טֶפַח וּמֶחֱצָה כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִינְקוּ זֶה מִזֶּה. אֲבָל יוֹתֵר עַל חֲמִשָּׁה מִינִין לֹא יִזְרַע אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁמְּרַחֵק בֵּינֵיהֶם לְפִי שֶׁמִּינִין הַרְבֵּה בַּעֲרוּגָה כָּזוֹ הֲרֵי הֵן כִּנְטוּעִין בְּעִרְבּוּבְיָא:
9[The following principle applies with regard to] species of vegetables that it is not customary for a person to sow in large amounts as we explained.16Chapter 1, Halachah 9. It is permitted to sow even five types of these vegetables in one row that is six handbreadths by six handbreadths, provided he sows four species at the four sides17Note the accompanying diagrams, taken from the Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah (Kilayim 3:1). of the row and one in the middle, leaving a handbreadth and a half between each species so that they will not derive nurture from each other.18This is the measure in which plants derive nurture from the earth (ibid.). The Rambam, however, does not always focus on this point, because he views the impression created of equal significance, as stated at the conclusion of the chapter. One should not, however, sow more than five species [in a row] even if he makes an appropriate separation, because it appears that they are sown as a mixture.
י׳בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים בַּעֲרוּגָה שֶׁהִיא בְּחֻרְבָּה וְאֵין שָׁם זֶרַע חוּצָה לָהּ. אֲבָל עֲרוּגָה בֵּין עֲרוּגוֹת אָסוּר לִזְרֹעַ בָּהּ חֲמִשָּׁה מִינִין. שֶׁאִם יִזְרַע בְּכָל רוּחַ מֵעֲרוּגָה זוֹ וּבְכָל רוּחַ מֵעֲרוּגוֹתֶיהָ שֶׁסְּבִיבוֹתֶיהָ יֵרָאֶה הַכּל כִּמְעֹרָב. וְאִם הִטָּה עָלִין שֶׁבַּעֲרוּגָה זוֹ לְכָאן וְעָלִין שֶׁבַּעֲרוּגָה שֶׁבְּצִדָּהּ מִכָּאן עַד שֶׁיֵּרָאוּ מֻבְדָּלִים מֻתָּר. וְכֵן אִם עָשָׂה תֶּלֶם בֵּין כָּל עֲרוּגָה וַעֲרוּגָה מֻתָּר:
10When does the above apply? To a row planted in a ruin where there are no crops outside it. If, however, a row is planted among other rows [of produce], it is forbidden to sow five [different] species. For if he will sow all four sides of one row and all the sides of the rows around it, everything will appear as a mixture.19Even if he does not fill up the borders, it is forbidden as a decree, lest he come to do so (Kessef Mishneh).If he caused the leaves of one row to lean to one side and those of the other row to lean to the other side so they appear distinct [from each other], it is permitted. Similarly, if he makes a trench between each row, it is permitted.20For the trench appears as a distinction.
י״אוְאָסוּר לִזְרֹעַ חוּץ לַעֲרוּגָה בְּלֹא תֶּלֶם וּבְלֹא נְטִיָּה וַאֲפִלּוּ כְּנֶגֶד הַקְּרָנוֹת שֶׁל עֲרוּגָה שֶׁאֵין בָּהֶן זֶרַע. גְּזֵרָה שֶׁמָּא יִזְרַע אַרְבַּעַת הַמִּינִין בְּאַרְבַּע זָוִיּוֹת עֲרוּגָה וְיִזְרַע מִינִין אֲחֵרִים חוּצָה לָהּ כְּנֶגֶד הַזָּוִיּוֹת וְנִמְצָא הַכּל כִּמְעֹרָב:
11It is forbidden to sow outside this row without a trench or without leaning [the plants to the side]. [This applies] even opposite the corners of the row in which there are no plants. This is a decree, [enacted] lest one sow the four species in the four corners of the row21See the accompanying diagram, taken from the Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah. and sow other species outside of it, opposite the corners, and thus, everything would appear mixed.
י״בהָיְתָה הָעֲרוּגָה שִׁשָּׁה עַל שִׁשָּׁה וְהָיָה לָהּ גְּבוּל גָּבוֹהַּ טֶפַח וְרָחָב טֶפַח סָבִיב מֻתָּר לִזְרֹעַ בָּהּ אֲפִלּוּ שְׁמוֹנָה עָשָׂר מִינִין שְׁלֹשָׁה עַל כָּל גְּבוּל וּגְבוּל וְשִׁשָּׁה בָּאֶמְצַע. וְיַרְחִיק בֵּין כָּל מִין וָמִין טֶפַח וּמֶחֱצָה. וְלֹא יִזְרַע רֹאשׁ הַלֶּפֶת בְּתוֹךְ הַגְּבוּל שֶׁמָּא יְמַלְּאֵהוּ. יוֹתֵר עַל זֶה לֹא יִזְרַע:
12If the row was six handbreadths by six handbreadths and it had a barrier a handbreadth high and a handbreadth wide around it, it is permitted to sow even eighteen species within it: three on each barrier22I.e. since the species are sown on the barrier, they are distinct from those sown within the trench. Note the following diagram, taken from the Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah. and six in the middle. One must separate a handbreadth and a half between each species. One should not sow a turnip in the midst of the barrier, lest it fill it.23I.e., lest the turnip grow large and fill up the empty space on the border. He should not sow more than that.24For it will be cluttered and appear as a mixture (Radbaz).
י״גוְאָסוּר לִזְרֹעַ בַּעֲרוּגָה מִינֵי זְרָעִים בְּעִנְיָן זֶה מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהֵן נִרְאִין כִּלְאַיִם. אֲבָל מִינֵי יְרָקוֹת הוֹאִיל וְאֵין דֶּרֶךְ בְּנֵי אָדָם לִזְרֹעַ מֵהֶן אֶלָּא מְעַט מְעַט הֲרֵי זֶה מֻתָּר כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ:
13It is forbidden to sow different seed plants25E.g., mustard or smooth peas (Kilayim 3:2). in this manner, because they appear as kilayim.26It is customary to sow larger plots of these crops. Hence if one sows a row of the above size with different species of these crops, it will appear to be a mixture of species. [More lenient laws apply to] species of vegetables. Since people generally sow only small amounts of them, it is permitted [to sow them in the manner] explained [above].
י״דגְּבוּל שֶׁהָיָה גָּבוֹהַּ טֶפַח וְזָרְעוּ בּוֹ מִינִין הַרְבֵּה כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ וְנִתְמַעֵט מִטֶּפַח מֵאַחַר שֶׁנִּזְרַע בּוֹ כָּשֵׁר שֶׁהָיָה כָּשֵׁר מִתְּחִלָּתוֹ:
14When there is a barrier a handbreadth wide and one sowed several species in it as we explained,27Halachah 12. if the height of the barrier was reduced,28I.e., some of its earth was taken away. it is still acceptable since it was acceptable at the time when it was originally sown.29It is, however, forbidden to sow crops on the side of the barrier until its height is restored [the Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah (Kilayim 3:2)]. There, however, the Rambam interprets the barrier as referring to a divider between two types of crops, not a barrier around a row.
ט״והָרוֹצֶה לְמַלְּאוֹת כָּל גִּנָּתוֹ מִינֵי יְרָקוֹת רַבִּים וְלֹא יַרְחִיק בֵּינֵיהֶם עוֹשֶׂה כָּל הַגִּנָּה עֲרוּגוֹת מְרֻבָּעוֹת אֲפִלּוּ שִׁשָּׁה עַל שִׁשָּׁה. וְעוֹשֶׂה בְּכָל עֲרוּגָה חֲמִשָּׁה עִגּוּלִין. אַרְבָּעָה בְּאַרְבַּע רוּחוֹתֶיהָ וְאֶחָד בְּאֶמְצַע. וְזוֹרֵעַ מִין בְּכָל עִגּוּל וְזוֹרֵעַ אַרְבָּעָה מִינִים אֲחֵרִים בְּאַרְבָּעָה קַרְנוֹת עֲרוּגָה. נִמְצְאוּ תִּשְׁעָה מִינִין בְּכָל עֲרוּגָה וְהֵן נִרְאִין מֻבְדָּלִין זֶה מִזֶּה וְאֵינוֹ מַפְסִיד אֶלָּא מַה שֶּׁבֵּין הָעִגּוּלִין בִּלְבַד שֶׁהוּא מַנִּיחוֹ חָרֵב כְּדֵי שֶׁיֵּרָאוּ הָעִגּוּלִין מֻבְדָּלִין מִן הַקְּרָנוֹת וּמֻבְדָּלִין זֶה מִזֶּה. וְאִם רָצָה שֶׁלֹּא יַפְסִיד כְּלוּם אִם הָיוּ הָעִגּוּלִין זְרוּעִים שְׁתִי זוֹרֵעַ מַה שֶּׁבֵּינֵיהֶן עֵרֶב וְאִם הָיוּ זְרוּעִין עֵרֶב זוֹרֵעַ מַה שֶּׁבֵּינֵיהֶן שְׁתִי כְּדֵי שֶׁיֵּרָאוּ מֻבְדָּלִין:
15When a person desires to fill his entire garden with different types of vegetables without making a separation between them, he should divide the entire garden into square rows, even six handbreadths by six handbreadths. He should then make five circles in every row, four for the four corners and one in the center. He may sow a species [of vegetables] in each circle and one in the center and he may sow four other species in the four corners.30I.e., the area between the circles and the perimeter of the square. Thus there are nine species in each row and yet they appear separate from each other. He leaves empty only what is between the circles. This is left fallow so that the circles will appear distinct from the corners and distinct from each other.31The Ra'avad objects to this ruling. The Rambam's rationale depends on the principle explained in the following halachah: that when crops appear distinct, we are not concerned that they derive nurture from each other.If he desires not to leave any empty space at all, he should do the following: If [the crops in] the circles are sown vertically, he should sow [crops in the space left] between them horizontally. If they are sown horizontally, he should sow [in the space] between them vertically so that they will appear distinct from each other.
ט״זמִכָּל אֵלּוּ הַדְּבָרִים נִתְבָּאֵר לְךָ שֶׁבִּזְמַן שֶׁיֵּשׁ בֵּין שְׁנֵי הַמִּינִין הַרְחָקָה הָרְאוּיָה לָהֶם כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִינְקוּ זֶה מִזֶּה אֵין חוֹשְׁשִׁין לְמַרְאִית הָעַיִן כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ. וּבִזְמַן שֶׁיֵּרָאוּ מֻבְדָּלִים זֶה מִזֶּה אֵין חוֹשְׁשִׁים לִינִיקָתָן אֲפִלּוּ הֵן זֶה בְּצַד זֶה כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר עַתָּה:
16From all of the above, the following principles become apparent for you. When there is sufficient space32A handbreadth and a half. between two species so that they will not derive nurture, we are not concerned with the appearance as we explained.33Halachah 9. And when they appear separate from each other, we are not concerned with the fact that they derive nurture from each other, even if they are next to each other as we just explained.
ה׳
א׳הַזּוֹרֵעַ שְׁנֵי מִינֵי תְּבוּאָה אוֹ שְׁנֵי מִינֵי יְרָקוֹת עִם זֶרַע הַכֶּרֶם הֲרֵי זֶה לוֹקֶה שְׁתַּיִם. אַחַת מִשּׁוּם (ויקרא יט יט) "שָׂדְךָ לֹא תִזְרַע כִּלְאָיִם" וְאַחַת מִשּׁוּם (דברים כב ט) "לֹא תִזְרַע כַּרְמְךָ כִּלְאָיִם":
1When a person sows two types of grain or two types of vegetables1The wording of the prooftext implies that one is sowing mixed species - i.e., two species that are themselves kilayim - in a vineyard, i.e., together with grape seeds (Radbaz). together with [grape] seeds, he is liable for two sets of lashes:2Provided he is given a warning for each of the prohibitions (ibid.). one for [violating the prohibition (Leviticus 19:19 ]: "You shall not sow your field with mixed species,"3As explained in Chapter 1. and one for [violating the prohibition (Deuteronomy 22:9 ]:4I.e., he transgresses a negative commandment, included as one of the 365 negative commandments by Sefer HaMitzvot (negative commandment 216) and Sefer HaChinuch (mitzvah 548). "You shall not sow your vineyard with mixed species."
ב׳וְאֵינוֹ לוֹקֶה מִשּׁוּם זוֹרֵעַ כִּלְאֵי הַכֶּרֶם עַד שֶׁיִּזְרַע בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל חִטָּה וּשְׂעוֹרָה וְחַרְצָן בְּמַפּלֶת יָד. וְכֵן אִם חִפָּה אוֹתָם בְּעָפָר לוֹקֶה. וְכֵן אִם זָרַע שְׁנֵי מִינֵי יָרָק וְחַרְצָן אוֹ זֶרַע אֶחָד יָרָק וְזֶרַע אֶחָד מִין תְּבוּאָה וְחַרְצָן בְּמַפּלֶת יָד הֲרֵי זֶה לוֹקֶה:
2A person does not receive lashes for sowing kilayim in a vineyard unless he sows a handful of wheat, barley,5Not only wheat and barley, but all five species of grain are considered as mixed species when sown with grapes and forbidden according to Scriptural Law. and grape seed in Eretz Yisrael.6For the only concept of kilayim that applies with regard to crops in the Diaspora is the prohibition against grafting different species of trees. The prohibition against mixed crops, like all the other laws concerning the crops of Eretz Yisrael, do not apply in the Diaspora. Similarly, one who covers such seeds with earth is worthy of lashes. And one who sows two types of vegetable seeds or a vegetable seed, a grain seed, and a grape seed from one hand is worthy of lashes.
ג׳וְאֵינוֹ חַיָּב מִן הַתּוֹרָה אֶלָּא עַל קַנְבּוֹס וְלוּף וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן מִזְּרָעִים שֶׁנִּגְמָרִים עִם תְּבוּאַת הַכֶּרֶם אֲבָל שְׁאָר הַזְּרָעִים אֲסוּרִים מִדִּבְרֵיהֶם. וְכֵן אָסוּר מִדִּבְרֵיהֶם לִזְרֹעַ כִּלְאֵי הַכֶּרֶם בְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ:
3He is not liable according to Scriptural Law unless [he sows] hemp and wild onions or the like from seeds that will mature together with the produce of the vineyard.7These species, like grapes, require three years before their produce appears. For the prohibition against mixed species to apply, the produce must resemble that of the grape vine.In his Commentary to the Mishnah (Kilayim 2:5), the Rambam writes that he does not see how it is possible for there to be a vegetable plant that does not produce fruit for three years. That is a common phenomenon for trees and vines, but not for vegetables. He writes that these species of vegetables do remain in the ground for several years and continue to produce fruit and that appears to be the Rambam's intent. Other types of seeds are forbidden according to Rabbinic decree. Similarly, according to Rabbinic decree, it is forbidden to sow kilayim in a vineyard in the Diaspora.
ד׳וְלָמָּה אָסְרוּ כִּלְאֵי הַכֶּרֶם [בְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ וְלֹא אָסְרוּ כִּלְאֵי זְרָעִים] מִפְּנֵי שֶׁכִּלְאֵי הַכֶּרֶם חֲמוּרִין הֵם שֶׁאִם נִזְרְעוּ בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל הֲרֵי הֵן אֲסוּרִין בַּהֲנָאָה וְכֵיוָן שֶׁהֵן אֲסוּרִין בַּהֲנָאָה בָּאָרֶץ אָסְרוּ לְזָרְעָן בְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ:
4Why did [the Sages] forbid planting mixed species in a vineyard in the Diaspora, but not mixed species in a field?8As stated in Chapter 1, Halachah 3. Because [the prohibition against] mixed species in a vineyard is more severe. For if they were to be sown in Eretz Yisrael, it would be forbidden to benefit from them.9As mentioned in Hilchot Ma'achalot Assurot 10:6, Deuteronomy 22:9 states: ...Lest the fullness of the seed which you sowed and the produce of the vineyard become hallowed.' ['Becom[ing] hallowed'] means being set apart and forbidden."In contrast, mixed species in the field are forbidden to be eaten, but it is permitted to benefit from them, as stated in Chapter 1, Halachah 7. Since it is forbidden to benefit from them in Eretz Yisrael, it is forbidden to sow them in the Diaspora.
ה׳וְאֵין עוֹדְרִין עִם הַנָּכְרִי בְּכִלְאַיִם אֲבָל עוֹקְרִין עִמּוֹ כְּדֵי לְמַעֵט הַתִּפְלָה:
5We may not hoe with a gentile with mixed produce,10This applies even on land belonging to a gentile. The Radbaz maintains that, according to the Rambam, this prohibition applies even on land belonging to a gentile in the Diaspora. Since it is forbidden for a Jew to plant such crops there according to Rabbinic Law, it is forbidden to help a gentile. but one may uproot the produce11With the intent of destroying it. with him in order to eliminate the undesirable substances.12The Radbaz asks: Since mixed substances that grow on a gentile's land are not prohibited, why are they referred to as undesirable substances? He explains that since they are forbidden when growing on a Jew's land, they are considered as undesirable even when growing on a gentile's land.
ו׳אֵין אָסוּר מִשּׁוּם כִּלְאֵי הַכֶּרֶם אֶלָּא מִינֵי תְּבוּאָה וּמִינֵי יְרָקוֹת בִּלְבַד. אֲבָל שְׁאָר מִינֵי זְרָעִים מֻתָּר לְזָרְעָם בְּכֶרֶם וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר שְׁאָר אִילָנוֹת:
6The prohibition against mixed species in a vineyard applies only to species of grain and species of vegetables. Other types of plants,13I.e., plants that do not produce edible produce. This applies even according to Rabbinic Law (Kessef Mishneh). See Halachah 19 for illustrations of this principle. by contrast, are permitted to be sown in a vineyard. Needless to say, [this applies with regard] to other trees.14I.e., all types of trees may be planted in a vineyard.
ז׳אָסוּר לִזְרֹעַ יְרָקוֹת אוֹ תְּבוּאָה בְּצַד הַגְּפָנִים אוֹ לִטַּע גֶּפֶן בְּצַד הַיָּרָק אוֹ תְּבוּאָה. וְאִם עָשָׂה כֵּן אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינוֹ לוֹקֶה הֲרֵי זֶה קִדֵּשׁ וְנֶאֶסְרוּ שְׁנֵיהֶם בַּהֲנָאָה הַיָּרָק אוֹ הַתְּבוּאָה אוֹ הַגְּפָנִים. וְשׂוֹרְפִין אֶת שְׁנֵיהֶן שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים כב ט) "פֶּן תִּקְדַּשׁ הַמְלֵאָה הַזֶּרַע". וַאֲפִלּוּ הַקַּשׁ שֶׁל תְּבוּאָה וְהָעֵצִים שֶׁל גְּפָנִים הָאֵלּוּ אֲסוּרִין בַּהֲנָאָה וְשׂוֹרְפִין אוֹתָם וְלֹא יַסִּיק בָּהֶן תַּנּוּר וְכִירַיִם וְלֹא יְבַשֵּׁל בָּהֶם בְּעֵת שְׂרֵפָתָן:
7It is forbidden to sow vegetables or grain next to vines or to plant a vine next to vegetables or grain.15The Beit Yosef (Yoreh De'ah 296) states that the Rambam's wording implies that only one species of vegetable or grain is present. Although Halachah 1 states that to be liable for lashes, he must sow two mixed species together, a prohibition is involved when even one is present. If one does this, although he is not liable for lashes,16For as stated in Halachah 2, he is not liable for lashes unless he sows the mixed species together. [the produce] is hallowed and it is forbidden to benefit from both the grain or vegetables and the vines.17From the Rambam's wording, it is clear that he does not consider this as a Rabbinic safeguard, but rather the violation of a Scriptural prohibition. They must both be burnt, as [Deuteronomy 22:9] states: "Lest the fullness of the seed... become hallowed."It is forbidden to benefit from even the straw of this grain and the wood from these vines.18I.e., the prohibition does not apply only to the produce, but to the plants themselves. See the gloss of the Radbaz. They must be burnt. One should not use them as fuel for an oven19Moreover, if a new oven is fired with them, it is forbidden to benefit from the oven itself. For firing a new oven completes it (Pesachim 26a). or a range and one should not [use them] for cooking while they are being burnt.
ח׳אֶחָד הַנּוֹטֵעַ וְאֶחָד הַמְקַיֵּם כֵּיוָן שֶׁרָאָה כִּלְאַיִם צָמְחוּ בְּכַרְמוֹ וְהִנִּיחָם הֲרֵי זֶה קִדֵּשׁ. וְאֵין אָדָם מְקַדֵּשׁ דָּבָר שֶׁאֵינוֹ שֶׁלּוֹ. לְפִיכָךְ הַמְסַכֵּךְ גַּפְנוֹ עַל גַּבֵּי תְּבוּאָתוֹ שֶׁל חֲבֵרוֹ קִדֵּשׁ גַּפְנוֹ וְלֹא נִתְקַדְּשָׁה הַתְּבוּאָה. סִכֵּךְ גֶּפֶן חֲבֵרוֹ עַל תְּבוּאָתוֹ קִדֵּשׁ תְּבוּאָה וְלֹא קִדֵּשׁ גֶּפֶן חֲבֵרוֹ. סִכֵּךְ גֶּפֶן חֲבֵרוֹ עַל תְּבוּאַת חֲבֵרוֹ לֹא קִדֵּשׁ אֶחָד מֵהֶן. וּמִפְּנֵי זֶה הַזּוֹרֵעַ כַּרְמוֹ בַּשְּׁבִיעִית לֹא קִדֵּשׁ:
8[The prohibition applies equally] whether one plants or maintains kilayim; i.e., one saw that mixed substances grew in his vineyard and he left them [to grow], they become hallowed.20The owner of the field is not, however, liable for lashes, because he did not perform a deed.A person may not hallow an article that is not his.21We find this principle in several other contexts (e.g., Hilchot Nazirut 9:9; Hilchot Arachin 4:26). Nevertheless, in those instances, the consecration of the article does not reflect a physical change in its state, but rather its designation as being holy. It is logical to conceive that only the owner of an article can make such a designation. In the present instance, by contrast, the different species of produce become hallowed because of the fact that they grow together. Seemingly, it makes no difference why they grow together, whether they were planted by the owner or by another person. Indeed, if a person puts milk into a pot cooking with meat belonging to his colleague, the food becomes prohibited.For this reason, although the Rambam accepts the above principle in other contexts. He found it problematic with regard to kilayim. Thus in his Commentary to the Mishnah (Kilayim 7:4), he originally favored the opinions which maintain that the above principle does not apply in this instance. Only later in life did he change his view and rule, as above, that it does apply. According to Rav Kappach, at that time, he also amended his Commentary to the Mishnah. Therefore if a person draped his vine over grain belonging to a colleague, he causes his vine to be hallowed, but not the grain. If he draped a vine belonging to a colleague over his grain, he causes his grain to be hallowed, but not his colleague's vine. If he draped a vine belonging to a colleague over grain belonging to a colleague, he does not cause either of them to become hallowed. For this reason, when a person sows [kilayim] in his vineyard in the Sabbatical year, he does not cause it to be hallowed.22For in the Sabbatical year, the field is not his own. Instead, it is ownerless. As above, in this instance as well, the Rambam deviated from his original ruling in his Commentary to the Mishnah (loc. cit.:5).The Radbaz notes that the above ruling applies to the produce, but not the wood growing in the vineyard, because the wood does not become ownerless. Therefore it is forbidden.
ט׳הָרוֹאֶה כִּלְאַיִם בְּכֶרֶם חֲבֵרוֹ וְקִיְּמָן הֲרֵי זֶה הָרוֹאֶה אָסוּר בַּהֲנָיָתָן וְכָל אָדָם מֻתָּרִין בָּהֶן. וְאִלּוּ קִיְּמָן בַּעַל הַכֶּרֶם הָיָה מְקַדֵּשׁ אוֹתָן לְכָל אָדָם כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ:
9When a person23The Ra'avad (based on the Jerusalem Talmud, Kilayim 7:5) interprets this as referring to a situation where the person is working for the owner of the field. Otherwise, he maintains there is no reason to rule that he should be forbidden to benefit. Rav Yosef Corcus and the Radbaz explain the Rambam's ruling. Rav Yosef Corcus states that it applies to a person who has the right to enter his colleague's field even thought he is not working there (see also Turei Zahav 296:3). Otherwise, he would not have any effect on it, even for himself. The Radbaz states that the Rambam's ruling applies even to a person at large. Since he did not notify the owner about the problem, it is as if he took a vow to personally consider the produce as forbidden. sees mixed species [growing] in a vineyard belonging to a colleague and maintained them, that observer is forbidden to benefit from them. Every other person is permitted. Were the owner of the vineyard to have maintained them, they would be hallowed for all people as explained.
י׳הָאַנָּס שֶׁזָּרַע כִּלְאַיִם בְּכֶרֶם חֲבֵרוֹ אִם נִשְׁתַּקְּעוּ הַבְּעָלִים אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא נִתְיָאֲשׁוּ הֲרֵי זֶה קִדֵּשׁ מִן הַתּוֹרָה. וְאִם לֹא נִשְׁתַּקְּעוּ הַבְּעָלִים אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁנִּתְיָאֲשׁוּ אֵינוֹ מְקַדֵּשׁ אֶלָּא מִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים:
10[The following laws apply when] a man of force24In the time of the Roman occupation, it was common for landed property to be taken by force. Our Sages addressed the possible halachic problems that arise in such a situation. sowed kilayim in a vineyard belonging to another person. If the owner hides out of fear,25Our translation is based on the Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah (Kilayim 7:6). Others interpret the term as meaning that the land is no longer referred to as belonging to the original owner. even though he does not despair over [ultimately receiving his property], [the produce] becomes hallowed according to Scriptural Law.26The Radbaz explains that since the owner is forced to hide, even though in his own heart, he hopes to have the land returned, it is as if he has already given up hope (Radbaz). Although generally, we follow the ruling that land cannot be stolen (Hilchot Gezeilah 8:14), but instead, is always considered as belonging to the original owner, in this instance, because of the severity of the prohibition against kilayim, we rule stringently. If he does not hide, even though he does despair [the produce] becomes hallowed only according to Rabbinic Law.
י״אהָרוּחַ שֶׁעָקְרָה פְּאֵרוֹת הַגֶּפֶן וְשִׁלְּחָה אוֹתָן עַל הַתְּבוּאָה יִגְדֹּד אוֹתָן מִיָּד. וְאִם אֵרְעוֹ אֹנֶס וְלֹא סִלְּקָן הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ מֻתָּרִין וְלֹא נִתְקַדְּשׁוּ:
11When wind uproots branches of a vine and blows them against grain, one should remove27Our translation is based on authentic manuscripts and early printings of the Mishneh Torah. It also follows the Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah (according to Rav Kappach's version). The standard printed text of the Mishneh Torah - and also that followed by the Kessef Mishneh - follows a different version. In all cases, the basic intent remains the same. them immediately. If he did not remove them28I.e., and in the time he did not remove them, they grew 1/200th, as stated in Halachah 22. due to forces beyond his control, they are permitted and they do not become hallowed.29For, as evident from Halachah 21, a person does not cause produce to be considered kilayim unless he willfully allows the mixed species to grow.
י״באַנָּס שֶׁזָּרַע הַכֶּרֶם כְּשֶׁיָּצָא הָאַנָּס יִקְצֹר הַזֶּרַע מִיָּד וַאֲפִלּוּ בְּחֻלּוֹ שֶׁל מוֹעֵד. וְאִם לֹא מָצָא פּוֹעֲלִין יוֹסִיף לָהֶן עַד שְׁלִישׁ בִּשְׂכָרָן. בִּקְּשׁוּ מִמֶּנּוּ יוֹתֵר מִכֵּן אוֹ שֶׁלֹּא מָצָא פּוֹעֲלִים הֲרֵי זֶה מְבַקֵּשׁ בְּנַחַת וְקוֹצֵר. וְאִם נִשְׁתַּהָא הַזֶּרַע עַד שֶׁהִגִּיעַ לְעוֹנַת שֶׁיִּקְדַּשׁ הֲרֵי זֶה יִקְדַּשׁ וְיֵאָסְרוּ שְׁנֵיהֶם:
12[The following laws apply when] a man of force30In the time of the Roman occupation, it was common for landed property to be taken by force. Our Sages addressed the possible halachic problems that arise in such a situation. sowed [kilayim] in a vineyard [and then departed, leaving the vineyard to its original owner]. When the man of force departs, [the owner] should harvest the crops immediately,31Lest he be liable for maintaining kilayim.even during Chol HaMoed.32The intermediate days of a festival, when there are restrictions against performing work in one's fields (see Hilchot Sh'vitat Yom Tov, ch. 7). Nevertheless, in this instance, he is required to do so, to avoid the violation of the prohibition against kilayim. If one cannot find workers, he should add even a third to their wages.33In his Commentary to the Mishnah (Kilayim 7:6), the Rambam gives an example. If the worker's wage was normally three zuz a day, he should be paid four. If they demanded more than that or was unable to find workers, he may continue searching without pressure and harvest [the produce]. If the produce remained until it reached the point that it hallows [the vineyard],34I.e., it grows 1/200th. it is hallowed and both species are forbidden.
י״גמֵאֵימָתַי תְּבוּאָה אוֹ יָרָק מִתְקַדְּשִׁין מִשֶּׁיַּשְׁרִישׁוּ. עֲנָבִים מִשֶּׁיֵּעָשׂוּ כְּפוֹל הַלָּבָן. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים כב ט) "הַמְלֵאָה הַזֶּרַע אֲשֶׁר תִּזְרָע וּתְבוּאַת הַכָּרֶם" עַד שֶׁיִּזְרַע זֶה וְיִהְיֶה זֶה תְּבוּאָה. אֲבָל תְּבוּאָה שֶׁיָּבְשָׁה כָּל צָרְכָּהּ וַעֲנָבִים שֶׁבָּשְׁלוּ כָּל צָרְכָּן אֵינָן מִתְקַדְּשׁוֹת. [כֵּיצַד. תְּבוּאָה שֶׁיָּבְשָׁה כָּל צָרְכָּהּ וּבָא וְנָטַע גֶּפֶן בְּתוֹכָהּ וְכֵן עֲנָבִים שֶׁבָּשְׁלוּ כָּל צָרְכָּן וְזָרַע תְּבוּאָה אוֹ יָרָק בְּצִדָּן אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁזֶּה אָסוּר אֵינָן מִתְקַדְּשׁוֹת]:
13When do grain or vegetables become hallowed? When [the plants] develop roots. [When do] grapes? When they reach the size of a white bean, as [implied by Deuteronomy 22:9]: "Lest the fullness of the seed which you sowed and the produce of the vineyard become hallowed;" [i.e., the prohibition applies when] one sows this35Wheat or vegetables. and this36The grapes. becomes produce. If, however, the grain37Before grain is ready to be harvested, the kernels dry out and harden. has already dried to the degree necessary or grapes had matured to their full extent, they do not become hallowed.38In his Commentary to the Mishnah (ibid.:7), the Rambam explains that the prooftext describing the prohibition speaks of "the seed" and "the produce." The Hebrew terms imply produce that is in the process of developing and not produce that has already developed fully and is ready to be harvested.What is implied? When grain has already dried to the degree necessary and then one planted a vine in their midst or grapes had matured to their full extent and one planted grain or a vegetable next to them, although this is forbidden, they do not become hallowed.
י״דכֶּרֶם שֶׁלֹּא הִגִּיעוּ עֲנָבָיו לִהְיוֹת כְּפוֹל הַלָּבָן אֶלָּא עֲדַיִן הֵן בֹּסֶר וְזָרַע בְּתוֹכוֹ יָרָק אוֹ תְּבוּאָה וְהִשְׁרִישׁוּ הֲרֵי זֶה לֹא קִדֵּשׁ. וְאַף עַל פִּי כֵן קוֹנְסִין אוֹתוֹ וְאוֹסְרִין הַזֶּרַע. אֲבָל הַבֹּסֶר מֻתָּר וְאִם עָקַר הַזֶּרַע קֹדֶם שֶׁיֵּעָשׂוּ הָעֲנָבִים כְּפוֹל הַלָּבָן הֲרֵי זֶה מֻתָּר בַּהֲנָיָה. מִקְצָתָן נַעֲשׂוּ כְּפוֹל הַלָּבָן וּמִקְצָתָן לֹא נַעֲשׂוּ. אֶת שֶׁנַּעֲשׂוּ נִתְקַדְּשׁוּ וְאֶת שֶׁלֹּא נַעֲשׂוּ מֻתָּרִין:
14[The following rules apply in] a vineyard whose grapes have not grown to the size of a white bean, but are still underdeveloped. If one sowed vegetables or grain there and they took root, they are not hallowed.39I.e., according to Scriptural Law, neither the vines, nor the grain or the vegetables are forbidden. Nevertheless, he is penalized and we forbid the growths.40According to Rabbinic decree. Not only may one not partake of them, it is forbidden to benefit from them. The underdeveloped grapes, by contrast, are permitted.41The Ra'avad states that it is permitted to benefit from the produce of the vine, implying that it is forbidden to partake of it. The Radbaz and the Kessef Mishneh, however, differ and maintain that it is permitted even to partake of it. If one uprooted the growths before the grapes became the size of a white bean, it is permitted to benefit from them.42The Radbaz and the Kessef Mishneh state that this ruling appears to contradict the Rambam's statements made previously, that "he is penalized and we forbid the growths," implying that it is forbidden to benefit from them. They each suggest possible resolutions of the issue.If some of [the grapes] have reached that size and some have not, those which have are hallowed and those which have not are not.43This is speaking about a situation where the grain or the vegetables have taken root. The grain or the vegetables are forbidden, as above.
ט״ועֲנָבִים שֶׁנַּעֲשׂוּ כְּפוֹל הַלָּבָן וְזָרַע בְּצִדָּן תְּבוּאָה אוֹ מִינֵי יְרָקוֹת וְלָקַט הַזֶּרַע קֹדֶם שֶׁיַּשְׁרִישׁ הֲרֵי זֶה מֻתָּר בַּהֲנָאָה וְאִם הִשְׁרִישׁ אָסוּר:
15When grapes have grown to the size of a white bean and one planted grain or types of vegetables at their side and reaped the growths before they became rooted, it is permitted to benefit from them.44It appears that, according to the Rambam, it is forbidden to partake of their produce immediately. The Ra'avad permits one to partake of it. His rationale is that since they did not take root, it is as if they were never planted. The Radbaz explains that the prohibition against partaking of the produce is a Rabbinic safeguard. If they became rooted, it is forbidden.
ט״זגֶּפֶן שֶׁיָּבְשׁוּ הֶעָלִין שֶׁלָּהּ וְנָפְלוּ כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁתִּיבַשׁ הַגֶּפֶן בִּימֵי הַקֹּר אָסוּר לִזְרֹעַ בְּצִדָּהּ יָרָק אוֹ תְּבוּאָה וְאִם זָרַע לֹא קָדְשׁוּ. וְכֵן הַזּוֹרֵעַ בְּעָצִיץ שֶׁאֵינוֹ נָקוּב הַמֻּנָּח בַּכֶּרֶם לֹא קִדֵּשׁ וּמַכִּין אוֹתוֹ מַכַּת מַרְדּוּת. אֲבָל עָצִיץ נָקוּב הֲרֵי הוּא כְּאֶרֶץ:
16When a vine has dried out and its leaves have fallen as is frequent in the winter,45In his Commentary to the Mishnah (Kilayim 7:2), the Rambam emphasizes that we are speaking about a vine that is alive and will produce grapes in the future and not one that has dried out entirely. If the vine is totally dried out, it is permissible to sow other species near it (Radbaz, Kessef Mishneh, commenting on the gloss of the Ra'avad). it is forbidden to sow vegetables or grain next to it. If one sows them there, they do not become hallowed. Similarly, if one sows these species in a flowerpot that does not have a hole which is located in a vineyard, the produce is not hallowed.46As indicated by Chapter 1, Halachah 2, this reflects a general principle applicable in many contexts of agricultural law: If a flowerpot has a hole at its bottom, it is considered as being a part of the field, because it derives nurture there. If it does not have such a hole, it is considered as a separate entity. He, however, should be given stripes for rebellious conduct.47The punishment administered for the violation of a Rabbinic commandment. If, however, the flowerpot has a hole, it is [as if he sowed] in the ground.48For it derives nurture from the ground through the hole. See the Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah (Demai 5:10).
י״זהָיָה עוֹבֵר בַּכֶּרֶם וְנָפְלוּ מִמֶּנּוּ זְרָעִים אוֹ שֶׁיָּצְאוּ עִם הַזְּבָלִים אוֹ עִם הַמַּיִם אוֹ שֶׁהָיָה זוֹרֵעַ אוֹ זוֹרֶה בְּשָׂדֶה לָבָן וּסְעָרַתּוּ הָרוּחַ לַאֲחוֹרָיו וְנָפְלוּ הַזְּרָעִים בַּכֶּרֶם וְצָמְחוּ הֲרֵי זֶה לֹא נִתְקַדֵּשׁ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים כב ט) "אֲשֶׁר תִזְרַע" וְזֶה לֹא זָרַע. וְחַיָּב לַעֲקֹר כְּשֶׁיִּרְאֶה. וְאִם קִיְּמָן הֲרֵי זֶה קִדֵּשׁ. סְעָרַתּוּ הָרוּחַ לְפָנָיו וְרוֹאֶה הַזְּרָעִים שֶׁנָּפְלוּ לַכֶּרֶם הֲרֵי זֶה כְּזוֹרֵעַ. וְכֵיצַד יַעֲשֶׂה. אִם צָמְחוּ הָעֲשָׂבִים יַהַפְכֵם בְּמַחְרֵשָׁה וְדַיּוֹ. וְאִם מְצָאָן שֶׁנַּעֲשׂוּ אָבִיב יְנַפֵּץ אוֹתוֹ אָבִיב כְּדֵי לְהַשְׁחִיתוֹ שֶׁהַכּל אָסוּר בַּהֲנָאָה. וְאִם מְצָאָהּ שֶׁנַּעֲשֵׂית דָּגָן הֲרֵי זוֹ תִּשָּׂרֵף. וְאִם רָאָה אוֹתָן וְקִיְּמָן הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ יִשָּׂרְפוּ עִם הַגְּפָנִים הַסְּמוּכוֹת לָהֶן:
17[The following rules apply when a person] was passing through a vineyard and seeds fell from him49Without his knowledge. or they were brought [into a field] with fertilizer or water, or one was sowing or winnowing in a field of grain and the wind carried the seeds behind him and the seeds fell into a vineyard and sprouted, they do not become hallowed. [This is derived from the prooftext cited above] which states "which you sowed," and this was not sowed.50On the contrary, they fell in the vineyard against his will [ibid. (Kilayim 5:7)]. He is, [nevertheless,] obligated to uproot it when he sees it. If he maintains it, it becomes hallowed.51For whenever mixed species are maintained in a vineyard, they become hallowed, as stated in Halachah 8.If the wind carried the seeds before him and he saw them fall into the vineyard, he is considered to have sown them. What should he do if their grasses grow? He should turn them over with a plow; this is sufficient. If he discovered that they have already ripened,52But had not seen them beforehand. he should crush the portion that ripened,53Although generally, kilayim should be destroyed by fire, an exception is made in this instance, because - since the newly grown crops are moist and not appropriate to be burnt. for it is forbidden to benefit from the entire54I.e., even its straw (Radbaz, Kessef Mishneh; this ruling appears to contradict the Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah (loc. cit.). [plant].55The grain is forbidden from the time it becomes rooted in the ground. The vines are not forbidden unless they grow 1/200th of their size. Alternatively, since he did not purposely plant the grain, even if the vines grew that much, they are not forbidden as long as the person did not willfully maintain the mixed species (Radbaz). If he discovers that grain has already sprouted,56For whenever mixed species are maintained in a vineyard, they become hallowed, as stated in Halachah 8. it must be burnt. If he saw it and maintained it, it must be burnt together with the vines adjacent to it.
י״חהָרוֹאֶה בַּכֶּרֶם עֵשֶׂב שֶׁאֵין דֶּרֶךְ בְּנֵי אָדָם לְזָרְעוֹ אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהוּא רוֹצֶה בְּקִיּוּמוֹ לִבְהֵמָה אוֹ לִרְפוּאָה הֲרֵי זֶה לֹא קִדֵּשׁ. עַד שֶׁיְּקַיֵּם דָּבָר שֶׁכָּמוֹהוּ מְקַיְּמִין רֹב הָעָם בְּאוֹתוֹ מָקוֹם. כֵּיצַד. הַמְקַיֵּם קוֹצִים בַּכֶּרֶם בַּעֲרָב שֶׁרוֹצִים בַּקּוֹצִים לִגְמַלֵּיהֶם הֲרֵי זֶה קִדֵּשׁ:
18When a person sees an herb that [most] people would not plant [growing] in a vineyard, it does not become hallowed57In his Commentary to the Mishnah (Kilayim 5:8), the Rambam explains that this is also derived from the prooftext cited above. "Which you sowed" implies "what is customary for you to sow." even though he desires that it be maintained [so that he will use it] for animal [fodder]58Compare to Chapter 1, Halachah 4. or for medicinal purposes unless most people in that locale59I.e., everything depends on the prevailing local practice. What the person thinks individually is not of consequence. would maintain such a plant. What is implied? [When] a person maintains brush [growing] in his vineyard in Arabia, it becomes hallowed, [because there most people] desire the brush for their camels.
י״טהָאִרוּס וְהַקִּיסוֹס וְשׁוֹשַׁנַּת הַמֶּלֶךְ וּשְׁאָר מִינֵי זְרָעִים אֵינָן כִּלְאַיִם בַּכֶּרֶם. הַקַּנְבּוֹס וְהַקִּנְרָס וְצֶמֶר גֶּפֶן הֲרֵי הֵן כִּשְׁאָר מִינֵי יְרָקוֹת וּמְקַדְּשִׁים בַּכֶּרֶם. וְכֵן כָּל מִינֵי דְּשָׁאִים שֶׁעוֹלִין מֵאֲלֵיהֶן בַּשָּׂדֶה הֲרֵי הֵן מְקַדְּשִׁין בַּכֶּרֶם. וּפוֹל הַמִּצְרִי מִין זְרָעִים הוּא וְאֵינוֹ מְקַדֵּשׁ. הַקָּנִים וְהַוֶּרֶד וְהָאַטָּדִין מִינֵי אִילָן הֵן וְאֵינָן כִּלְאַיִם בַּכֶּרֶם:
19Mint, ivy, the king's lily, and other [similar] plants are not considered as kilayim in a vineyard. Hemp, artichokes,60Our translation is taken from Rav Kappach's notes to the Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah (Uktzin 1:6). and cotton, are considered like other types of vegetables and they become hallowed in a vineyard. Similarly, all types of herbs that grow on their own accord in a field become hallowed in a vineyard. An Egyptian bean is considered as a plant and does not become hallowed. Bamboo, roses, and thornbushes are considered as species of trees and are not kilayim in a vineyard.61As stated in Halachah 6, all types of trees may be planted in a vineyard.
כ׳זֶה הַכְּלָל כָּל הַמּוֹצִיא עָלִין מֵעִקָּרוֹ הֲרֵי זֶה יָרָק וְכָל שֶׁאֵינוֹ מוֹצִיא עָלִין הֲרֵי זֶה אִילָן. וְהַצָּלָף אִילָן לְכָל דָּבָר:
20This is the general principle: Whenever the leaves of a plant grow from its roots, it is considered a vegetable.62In such an instance, each year, the trunk changes. If its leaves do not grow from its roots, it is not a vegetable. A caper tree is considered as a tree in all contexts.63Compare to Hilchot Ma'aser Sheni 1:7. See also Hilchot Berachot 8:6.
כ״אהָרוֹאֶה יָרָק בַּכֶּרֶם וְאָמַר כְּשֶׁאַגִּיעַ לוֹ אֶלְקְטֵנוּ מֻתָּר. הִגִּיעַ לוֹ וְעָבַר מֵעָלָיו וְאָמַר כְּשֶׁאֶחֱזֹר לוֹ אֶלְקְטֵנוּ אִם שָׁהָה עַד שֶׁהוֹסִיף אֶחָד מִמָּאתַיִם הֲרֵי זֶה קִדֵּשׁ:
21When a person sees a vegetable [growing] in [his] vineyard and says: "When I reach it, I will take it out," it is permitted.64I.e., he need not hurry to uproot it immediately, but may proceed at his ordinary pace, provided he does not delay. Should he reach it and pass it by, saying: "When I return, I will take it out,"65He has transgressed, because he has maintained mixed produce in a vineyard. if he waits [the time it takes] to add 1/200th [to its size], it becomes hallowed.
כ״בוְכֵיצַד מְשַׁעֲרִין שִׁעוּר זֶה. רוֹאִין אִם נֶחְתַּךְ יָרָק זֶה אוֹ מִין תְּבוּאָה זֶה מִן הָאָרֶץ בְּכַמָּה זְמַן יִיבַשׁ. הַגַּע בְּעַצְמְךָ שֶׁיִּיבַשׁ עַד שֶׁלֹּא תִּשָּׁאֵר בּוֹ לֵחָה בְּמֵאָה שָׁעָה. אִם נִשְׁתַּהָה בָּאָרֶץ מִשֶּׁהִגִּיעַ לוֹ חֲצִי שָׁעָה הֲרֵי הוֹסִיף בְּמָאתַיִם לֶאֱסוֹר. וְאִם שָׁהָה פָּחוֹת מֵחֲצִי שָׁעָה מֻתָּר:
22How can we measure this degree [of growth]? We see how long it would take for this vegetable or grain to dry if its connection with the earth were severed.66As the Jerusalem Talmud (Kilayim 5:6) explains, a plant will grow at the same rate that it will dry out. (As the Radbaz points out, this applies over the entire span. The particular phases of its growth and drying will vary.) Let us say that it would take 100 hours to dry to the point that it retained no moisture. Thus if it remained in the ground for half an hour after he reached it, it will have added 1/200th [to its size] and it is forbidden. If he waited less than half an hour, it is permitted.
כ״גאָסוּר לַעֲבֹר בְּעָצִיץ נָקוּב שֶׁזָּרוּעַ בּוֹ יָרָק בְּתוֹךְ הַכֶּרֶם. וְאִם הִנִּיחוֹ תַּחַת הַגֶּפֶן וְנִשְׁתַּהָה שָׁם בָּאָרֶץ כְּדֵי לְהוֹסִיף אֶחָד מִמָּאתַיִם הֲרֵי זֶה קִדֵּשׁ:
23It is forbidden to carry a pot with a hole [at its bottom]67As stated in the notes to Halachah 16, when such a flowerpot is left on the ground, it is considered as if the pot is connected to the earth and it as if the plants growing in it are part of the vineyard. As a safeguard, our Rabbis forbade even carrying such a flowerpot through a vineyard. in which a vegetable is growing through a vineyard.68According to the Rambam, however, the produce growing in it does not become hallowed. If one left [such a pot] under a vine on the earth for [the time it takes] to add 1/200th [to its size], it becomes hallowed.
כ״דבָּצָל שֶׁנְּטָעוֹ בַּכֶּרֶם וְאַחַר כָּךְ נֶעֱקַר הַכֶּרֶם וְאַחַר כָּךְ צָמְחוּ בְּצָלִים מִן הָעִקָּר הַנָּטוּעַ אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁרַבּוּ הַגִּדּוּלִים עַל עִקָּרוֹ בְּמָאתַיִם הֲרֵי אוֹתוֹ הָעִקָּר בְּאִסּוּרוֹ שֶׁאֵין גִּדּוּלֵי הֶתֵּר מַעֲלִין אֶת הָעִקָּר הָאָסוּר:
24[The following law applies when one] sowed an onion in a vineyard,69And thus it became forbidden as kilayim. the vineyard was uprooted afterwards,70But the forbidden onion plant was left in the ground. and then the onions grew from the roots that were already planted. Even though the growths are more than 200 times the size of the root,71And mixed species are nullified in a mixture 200 times the size of the original amount. the root remains forbidden, for the permitted growths cannot change the status of the forbidden root.72Instead, despite the growth of the onion plant, the root remains forbidden. Rabbi Akiva Eiger notes that the Rambam rules in this manner in Hilchot Neta Reva'i 10:16. In Hilchot Terumah 11:22, he rules otherwise.The Rambam's wording could be interpreted as implying that the plant that grows from the root is permitted. This is the conclusion of Rav Yosef Corcus. There are other Rishonim who maintain that the entire plant is forbidden. Kin'at Eliyahu notes that in Hilchot Nedarim 5:15, the Rambam rules: "If it was an entity whose seed does not decompose, even the produce that grows from the produce that grows from them is forbidden." Seemingly, the same principles would apply here.