ו׳
א׳הַזּוֹרֵעַ יָרָק אוֹ תְּבוּאָה בַּכֶּרֶם אוֹ הַמְקַיְּמוֹ עַד שֶׁהוֹסִיף בְּמָאתַיִם הֲרֵי זֶה מְקַדֵּשׁ מִן הַגְּפָנִים שֶׁסְּבִיבוֹתָיו שֵׁשׁ עֶשְׂרֵה אַמָּה לְכָל רוּחַ. עֲגֻלּוֹת וְלֹא מְרֻבָּעוֹת. וְרוֹאִין כָּל הָעִגּוּל שֶׁרָחְבּוֹ שְׁתַּיִם וּשְׁלֹשִׁים אַמָּה כְּאִלּוּ הוּא כֻּלּוֹ מָלֵא יָרָק. וְכָל גֶּפֶן שֶׁתִּהְיֶה בְּתוֹךְ עִגּוּל זֶה נִתְקַדְּשָׁה עִם הַיָּרָק וְכָל שֶׁחוּץ לָעִגּוּל אֵינָן מִתְקַדְּשׁוֹת:
1When a person sows vegetables or grain in a vineyard or maintains these species, allowing to grow 1/200th, he causes the vines around it to become hallowed in a radius - not a square1And thus the vines on the corners are permitted. - of sixteen cubits. We consider the entire circle with a diameter of 32 cubits as if it were filled entirely with vegetables. Any vine that grows in this circle becomes hallowed together with the vegetables. Any one outside the circle is not hallowed.
ב׳בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים כְּשֶׁהָיָה בֵּין שִׂפְתֵי הָעִגּוּל הַזֶּה וּבֵין שׁוּרוֹת הַגְּפָנִים שֶׁחוּצָה לוֹ יוֹתֵר עַל אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת. אֲבָל אִם הָיָה בֵּינֵיהֶם אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת מְצֻמְצָמוֹת אוֹ פָּחוֹת רוֹאִין אֶת הָעִגּוּל כְּאִלּוּ הִגִּיעַ לַשּׁוּרָה הַסְּמוּכָה לוֹ וּכְאִלּוּ רֹחַב הָעִגּוּל אַרְבָּעִים אַמָּה וְרוֹאִין כָּל גֶּפֶן שֶׁתִּפּל בְּתוֹךְ עִגּוּל זֶה שֶׁל אַרְבָּעִים אַמָּה הֲרֵי הִיא מִתְקַדֶּשֶׁת:
2When does the above apply? When there are more than four cubits between the edge of this circle and the rows of the vines outside of it.2The Rambam derives these concepts from an analysis of the wording of Kilayim 5:5. To explain: The Mishnah states: "[A person who] plants a vegetable in a vineyard... causes 45 vines to be hallowed. When? When they are planted, each one four [cubits from the other] or five [cubits from each other]." As the Rambam explains in his Commentary to the Mishnah, if the vines are five cubits away from each other, some of the 45 vines will be outside the circle. Now its true, that if the vines are four cubits away from each other, there will be individual vines within four cubits of the circle. There will not, however, be "rows of the vines" outside the circle.The Ra'avad differs with his interpretation. The Radbaz and the Kessef Mishneh support the Rambam's view. If, however, there were exactly four cubits or less between them, we consider the circle as if it reached the row which is next to it and it is as if the diameter of the circle is 40 cubits. We take into consideration every vine that is included in this circle that is 40 cubits in diameter and it is hallowed.
ג׳בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים בְּזוֹרֵעַ אוֹ מְקַיֵּם תּוֹךְ הַכֶּרֶם. אֲבָל הַזּוֹרֵעַ חוּץ לַכֶּרֶם וְסָמוּךְ לוֹ הֲרֵי זֶה מְקַדֵּשׁ שְׁתֵּי שׁוּרוֹת שֶׁל גְּפָנִים הַסְּמוּכוֹת לַזֶּרַע בְּאֹרֶךְ כָּל הַזֶּרַע וְיֶתֶר אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת חוּץ לַזֶּרַע וּמִתְקַדֵּשׁ מִן הַזֶּרַע רֹחַב אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת בְּאֹרֶךְ כָּל הַשּׁוּרָה שֶׁל כֶּרֶם. וְאִם זָרַע בְּצַד גֶּפֶן יְחִידִית אֵינוֹ מְקַדֵּשׁ מִן הַזֶּרַע אֶלָּא שִׁשָּׁה טְפָחִים לְכָל רוּחַ:
3When does the above apply? When one sows or maintains the different species in the midst of the vineyard. When, however, he sows [the grain or vegetable] outside the vineyard, but next to it, he causes the two rows of the vines3Since the prooftext cited above speaks of "the vineyard" becoming hallowed, the area that becomes hallowed must be at least two rows wide, for only that is worthy of being called "a vineyard" [the Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah (Kilayim 4:5)]. The Ra'avad objects to the Rambam's ruling, but the Radbaz and the Kessef Mishneh question his objection.The Kessef Mishneh also clarifies that here a smaller portion of the vineyard is forbidden than in the previous halachah, because the mixed species is not surrounded by the vineyard on all sides. Hence, only four cubits, the area is necessary to perform the work necessary for the vineyard, is forbidden. next to [the different species] sown to become hallowed. [The hallowed portion of the vines continues] over the entire length of [the area] sown plus four cubits [on either side]. A portion four cubits wide [of the area] sown along the entire length of the [external] row of the vineyard becomes hallowed.4The Radbaz adds that if one sows the vegetables or grain beyond the row of the vineyard, a four cubit portion of that area is also forbidden. If one sows [such crops] next to a single vine, only a circle with a radius of six handbreadths of the area sown becomes hallowed.5For this is the size of the area necessary to tend to a single vine (Kilayim 6:1).
ד׳יַלְדָּה פָּחוֹת מִטֶּפַח אֵינָהּ מְקַדֶּשֶׁת אֶת הַזְּרָעִים. בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים בִּשְׁתַּיִם כְּנֶגֶד שְׁתַּיִם וְאַחַת יוֹצְאָה זָנָב. אֲבָל אִם הָיָה כָּל הַכֶּרֶם כֵּן הֲרֵי זֶה מְקַדֵּשׁ:
4A small vine that is less than a handbreadth long does not cause the sown [area]6This applies regardless of the species of crops sown there (in contrast to the opinion of Rashi, Sotah 43b) [Kessef Mishneh]. to become hallowed.7I.e., because the plants are small, planting them is not considered planting a "vineyard." See also Hilchot Ma'aser Sheni 10:19. It is possible to say that one should, however, keep a distance of six handbreadths between them and grain or vegetables, as stated in the previous halachah with regard to a single vine. When does the above apply? When there are two [vines] planted opposite two others and another one projects as a tail.8See Chapter 7, Halachah 7, which describes vines planted in this manner as "a small vineyard." If, however, the entire vineyard [was planted] in this manner, it does become hallowed.9For this indicates that this person considers this as a vineyard; alternatively this is a Rabbinic safeguard, lest an observer think that planting other species is permissible in an ordinary vineyard (Radbaz).
ה׳שְׁתֵּי גִּנּוֹת זוֹ עַל גַּב זוֹ הַתַּחְתּוֹנָה עֲשׂוּיָה כֶּרֶם זוֹרֵעַ אֶת הָעֶלְיוֹנָה עַד שֶׁהוּא מַגִּיעַ לַאֲוִיר עֲשָׂרָה טְפָחִים קָרוֹב לַכֶּרֶם. שֶׁאֲוִיר עֲשָׂרָה טְפָחִים סָמוּךְ לַכֶּרֶם אוֹ לְגֶפֶן יְחִידִית אָסוּר לִזְרֹעַ בּוֹ זְרָעִים. וְאִם הָיְתָה הָעֶלְיוֹנָה עֲשׂוּיָה כֶּרֶם הֲרֵי זֶה זוֹרֵעַ אֶת הַתַּחְתּוֹנָה עַד שֶׁהוּא מַגִּיעַ לְמַטָּה מִשְּׁלֹשָׁה טְפָחִים מֵעִקַּר הַגְּפָנִים:
5[The following rules apply when there are] two gardens one above the other10This refers to a terraced hill with gardens planted on an incline (Radbaz) and the lower one is planted as a vineyard. One should plant the upper one until he reaches within the aerial space of ten handbreadths of the vineyard.11The notes to the Frankel edition of the Mishneh Torah cite Hilchot Shabbat 4:4,18 which speaks about the significance of ten handbreadths of space. For it is forbidden to sow seeds within ten handbreadths of the aerial space of a vineyard or a vine. If the upper [garden] was planted as a vineyard, one should sow the lower garden until he reaches within three handbreadths of the roots of the vines.
ו׳מִי שֶׁהָיְתָה שָׂדֵהוּ זְרוּעָה יָרָק אוֹ תְּבוּאָה וְנִמְלַךְ לִטַּע בָּהּ גְּפָנִים הוֹפֵךְ אֶת הַזְּרָעִים בְּמַחְרֵשָׁה וְאַחַר כָּךְ נוֹטֵעַ וְלֹא יִטַּע וְאַחַר כָּךְ יַהֲפֹךְ. הָיְתָה נְטוּעָה גְּפָנִים וְנִמְלַךְ לִזְרֹעַ בָּהּ זְרָעִים מְשָׁרֵשׁ אֶת הַגְּפָנִים וְאַחַר כָּךְ זוֹרֵעַ אֶת הַזְּרָעִים. וְאִם רָצָה לָקֹץ אֶת הַגְּפָנִים עַד שֶׁלֹּא יִשָּׁאֵר מֵהֶן אֶלָּא פָּחוֹת מִטֶּפַח סָמוּךְ לָאָרֶץ הֲרֵי זֶה מֻתָּר לִזְרֹעַ וְאַחַר כָּךְ יַחֲזֹר וִישָׁרֵשׁ אֶת הַנִּשְׁאָר בָּאָרֶץ מִן הַגְּפָנִים:
6When a person's field was sown with vegetables or grain and he changed his mind and decided to plant vines in it, he should turn over the sown produce with a plow and then plant the vines.12From the ruling in Chapter 2, Halachah 13, it would appear that he should also wait until the seeds rot (Tosafot Yom Tov). He should not plant the vines and then turn over [the produce].If it was planted with vines and he changed his mind and decided to sow crops there, he should uproot the vines and then sow the crops. If he desires to merely cut off the vines until there is less than a handbreadth of them near the earth, it is permissible for him to sow [the crops at this point] and then uproot the remainder of the vines from the earth.13The Radbaz states that following this course of action will be beneficial, for pulling out the vines will save him the trouble of having to cover the seeds with earth, for that task will be accomplished as a matter of course.
ז׳הַמַּבְרִיךְ אֶת הַגֶּפֶן בָּאָרֶץ אֲפִלּוּ הִבְרִיכָהּ בְּתוֹךְ הַדְּלַעַת שֶׁיָּבְשָׁה וְנַעֲשֵׂית כְּסִילוֹן אוֹ בְּתוֹךְ סִילוֹן שֶׁל חֶרֶשׂ אִם הָיָה הֶעָפָר עַל גַּבָּהּ שְׁלֹשָׁה טְפָחִים אוֹ יוֹתֵר הֲרֵי זֶה מֻתָּר לִזְרֹעַ עַל גַּבָּהּ. וְאִם הָיָה עַל גַּבָּהּ פָּחוֹת מִזֶּה אָסוּר לִזְרֹעַ עַל גַּבָּהּ וּמֻתָּר לִזְרֹעַ בְּצִדָּהּ:
7[The following laws apply when a person] extends a vine [by embedding it] in the earth,14The Rambam is referring to a process which was used to extend a vine and increase its fertility. For if a vine was allowed to grow endlessly, its fertility would wane as it grew longer. Therefore its head was implanted in the ground. There it would grow roots - thus increasing the nurture it could give the plant - and then from the embedded head would sprout forth a new plant. even if he encloses it in a dried15If the gourd is not dried out, it is certainly forbidden, because the gourd itself is a separate species. gourd that serves as a cylinder for it or in an earthernware cylinder.16Since as the vine's roots grow, they will emerge from the sides of these cylinders, they are considered as subservient to the earth and not as independent entity. If, however, the person places the vine in a metal pipe, these laws do not apply (See the Jerusalem Talmud, Kilayim 7:1). If there are three handbreadths or more of earth covering it, it is permitted to sow [crops of other species] above it.17Since it is buried so deeply in the earth, it is no longer considered significant. If there was less earth than that upon it, it is forbidden to sow above it18Because the amount of earth over it is not that much to cause it to be considered as insignificant. It is, however, permitted to sow at its side.19Were it above ground, by contrast, one would have to move six handbreadths away before sowing a crop.
ח׳הִבְרִיכָהּ בַּסֶּלַע אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין עָפָר עַל גַּבָּהּ אֶלָּא שָׁלֹשׁ אֶצְבָּעוֹת מֻתָּר לְהָבִיא זֶרַע עָלֶיהָ. בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים שֶׁאֵין עִקַּר הַגֶּפֶן נִרְאֶה. אֲבָל אִם נִרְאֶה צָרִיךְ לְהַרְחִיק שִׁשָּׁה טְפָחִים לְכָל רוּחַ וְאַחַר כָּךְ יִזְרַע כְּמוֹ שֶׁמַּרְחִיק מִכָּל גֶּפֶן יְחִידִית שֶׁלֹּא הֻבְרְכָה כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר:
8If he extended it through hard ground,20Our translation is based on the Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah (Kilayim 7:2). it is permitted to sow crops over it even if there are only three fingerbreadths and not three handbreadths of earth upon it.21For its roots will not emerge.When does the above apply?22This applies to the previous halachah as well. When the base of the vine is not visible. If, however, it is visible, it is necessary to make a distinction of [at least] six handbreadths23The notes to the Frankel edition of the Mishneh Torah mention that this ruling appears to be somewhat of a departure from the Rambam's understanding as reflected in his Commentary to the Mishnah (loc. cit.). at either side in every direction before sowing just as one must make such a separation from any one vine that was not extended in the ground, as will be explained.24Chapter 7, Halachah 1.
ט׳הַמַּבְרִיךְ שָׁלֹשׁ גְּפָנִים וְעִקְּרֵיהֶם נִרְאִין. אִם יֵשׁ בֵּינֵיהֶן מֵאַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת עַד שְׁמוֹנֶה הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ מִצְטָרְפִין לִשְׁאָר גְּפָנִים הָעוֹמְדוֹת וּכְאִלּוּ לֹא הִבְרִיכָן. וְאִם לָאו אֵינָם מִצְטָרְפוֹת:
9When a person extends three vines in the ground, but their bases are visible, if there are between four and eight cubits between them,25When vines are this distance apart they are still considered as part of the same vineyard (Chapter 7, Halachah 2). they are grouped together with the other vines that are growing [in the vineyard]26The Ra'avad differs with the Rambam and maintains that this law applies even if there are no other vines. He maintains that since a portion of the vines extended in the ground is visible, they themselves can be grouped together and considered a vineyard, because the three bases and the three heads are considered as six vines. The Radbaz and the Kessef Mishneh justify the Rambam's ruling. They do not dispute the law mentioned by the Ra'avad, but maintain that it is not the interpretation of the mishnah cited above. (Significantly, the Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah appears to follow the Ra'avad's approach.) and it is as if they were not extended in the ground. If not, they are not included among the others.
י׳הָיוּ פָּחוֹת מִשָּׁלֹשׁ אֵין מִצְטָרְפִין אֶלָּא מַרְחִיק מֵהֶן שִׁשָּׁה טְפָחִים לְכָל רוּחַ וְזוֹרֵעַ:
10If there were less than three vines, they are not included [as part of the vineyard].27The Rambam derives this law from the fact that the mishnah cited above speaks of "three vines." Implied is that the law does not apply to less. Instead, one should separate six handbreadths on every side and sow [other crops].28As stated in Halachah 8.
י״אכָּל הַזּוֹרֵעַ תַּחַת הַשָּׂרִיגִים וְהֶעָלִין הַיּוֹצְאִין מִן הַגֶּפֶן הֲרֵי זֶה קִדֵּשׁ וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהַזֶּרַע רָחוֹק מֵעִקַּר הַגֶּפֶן כַּמָּה אַמּוֹת:
11Anyone who sows crops under branches and leaves that emerge from the vines causes [the produce] to be hallowed even though the crops are several cubits away from the base of the vine.29I.e., even though the branch is only an extension of the vine, sowing under it is forbidden. See Halachah 15.
י״בהִדְלָה אֶת הַגֶּפֶן עַל מִקְצָת אַפִּיפְיָרוֹת לֹא יִזְרַע תַּחַת מוֹתַר הָאַפִּיפְיָרוֹת. וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין עֲלֵיהֶן לֹא עָלִין וְלֹא שָׂרִיגִים. וְאִם זָרַע הוֹאִיל וְאֵין הַזֶּרַע תַּחַת סְכַךְ הַגֶּפֶן הֲרֵי זֶה מֻתָּר. וְכֵן אִם הִדְלָה הַגֶּפֶן עַל מִקְצָת בַּדֵּי אִילָן שֶׁאֵינוֹ עוֹשֶׂה פֵּרוֹת כְּגוֹן הָאֶרֶז וְהַבְּרוֹשׁ. אֲבָל אִם הִדְלָה עַל מִקְצָת אִילַן מַאֲכָל הֲרֵי זֶה מֻתָּר לִזְרֹעַ תַּחַת בַּדֵּי הָאִילָן שֶׁלֹּא נִמְשְׁכוּ עֲלֵיהֶן שָׂרִיגֵי הַגֶּפֶן שֶׁאֵין אָדָם מְבַטֵּל אִילַן מַאֲכָל וְעוֹשֶׂה אַפִּיפְיָרוֹת לְגֶפֶן. וְאִם נִמְשְׁכוּ הַשָּׂרִיגִים אַחַר שֶׁזָּרַע וְסִכְּכוֹ עַל הַזֶּרַע הֲרֵי זֶה מַחֲזִירָם לְמָקוֹם אַחֵר:
12When a person drapes a vine over a portion of a trellis30See Chapter 8, Halachah 1, for a description of such trellises. [intended for vines], he should not plant [crops] under the remainder of the trellis31I.e., a person prepared a series of trellises over which to drape a vine. In fact, however, he did not drape the vine over the entire area of the trellises, only over a portion of it. He should, nevertheless, be stringent and regard the vine as growing over the entire trellis, because ultimately, it will spread over it. even though there are no leaves or branches upon them.32The rationale is that they are placed there so that ultimately, the vine will grow and be extended upon them. If he did plant there, since there are no crops under the shade of the vine, it is permitted.33For unless the vine spreads there, the prohibition is merely a Rabbinic safeguard. Similar [laws apply] if he draped a vine over some branches of a tree that does not produce fruit,34I.e., it forbidden to sow crops under the entire tree. The produce becomes hallowed, however, only when sowed under the area where the vine is actually draped. e.g., cedars or pines. If, by contrast, he draped a vine over some of the branches of a fruit-bearing tree, it is permitted to sow under the branches of the tree where the vine was not draped. [The rationale is] that a person does not nullify a fruit-bearing tree to make it a trellis for a vine.35Since it is a fruit tree, it has its own importance and it is never considered as merely a trellis for the grapes as long as the grape vine is not draped over these branches.If, after [produce] was sown, the branches were extended and covered the produce, they should be shifted to another place.36Note the contrast to the stringency mentioned in the following halachah. The reason for the leniency in this halachah is that the branches of a fruit-bearing tree are considered entities in their own right and are not subservient to the vine. Hence, since it was permitted to sow the crops there, they are not forbidden if the vine grows unintentionally.
י״גהַזּוֹרֵעַ תַּחַת מוֹתַר הָאַפִּיפְיָרוֹת אוֹ תַּחַת מוֹתַר אִילָן שֶׁאֵינוֹ עוֹשֶׂה פֵּרוֹת וְנִמְשְׁכוּ שָׂרִיגֵי הַגֶּפֶן וְסִכְּכוּ עַל הַזְּרָעִים הֲרֵי זֶה אָסוּר לְקַיְּמוֹ אוֹ לְהַחֲזִיר הַשָּׂרִיגִים אֶלָּא כֵּיצַד עוֹשֶׂה. עוֹקֵר הַזֶּרַע:
13When a person sows under the remainder of the trellises37I.e., portions of the trellises to which the vines have not spread. or under the remainder of the branches of a tree that does not produce fruit38For they are considered as equivalent to the trellises, as stated in the previous halachah. and then the branches of the vine were extended and covered the crops, it is forbidden to maintain them or shift the branches [of the vine].39Since he transgressed by sowing there, our Sages required him to uproot the crops (Radbaz). From the Rambam's wording here and in his Commentary to the Mishnah (Kilayim 6:3), it would appear that he maintains that only the crops are forbidden, but not the vines. What should he do? He should uproot the crops.
י״דקָנִים הַיּוֹצְאִין מִן הֶעָרִיס וְחָס עֲלֵיהֶן לְפָסְקָן כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יַשְׁחִית הָאַפִּיפְיָרוֹת הֲרֵי זֶה מֻתָּר לִזְרֹעַ תַּחְתֵּיהֶן. וְאִם הִנִּיחָם כְּדֵי שֶׁיְּהַלְּכוּ עֲלֵיהֶן הַשָּׂרִיגִים וְהֶעָלִין הַיּוֹצְאִין הֲרֵי זֶה אָסוּר לִזְרֹעַ תַּחְתֵּיהֶן:
14When reeds are jutting out from the lattice on the surface of a trellis, but [the owner] does not want to cut them off lest he destroy the trellis, he is permitted to sow [crops] under them.40Since his intent is not to drape vines upon them, they are not considered as part of the trellis [the Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah (ibid. 6:8)]. If he left them so that the branches and leaves that emerge will grow upon them, it is forbidden to sow [crops] under them.
ט״ופֶּרַח הַיּוֹצֵא מִן הֶעָרִיס אוֹ מִן הַדָּלִית רוֹאִין אוֹתוֹ כְּאִלּוּ מִשְׁקלֶת תְּלוּיָה בּוֹ עַד הָאָרֶץ וְאָסוּר לִזְרֹעַ תַּחְתָּיו. וְכֵן הַמּוֹתֵחַ זְמוֹרָה מֵאִילָן לְאִילָן אָסוּר לִזְרֹעַ תַּחְתֶּיהָ:
15When a branch41Our translation is taken from the Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah (ibid. 6:9). emerges from a vine which is propped up42Our translation is taken from the Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah (ibid. 7:1). or from the trunk of a vine that is not propped up, 43Since he transgressed by sowing there, our Sages required him to uproot the crops (Radbaz). From the Rambam's wording here and in his Commentary to the Mishnah (Kilayim 6:3), it would appear that he maintains that only the crops are forbidden, but not the vines. we considered it as if a plumb line is hanging from it to the earth and it is forbidden to sow under it. Similarly, if one extends a branch from one tree to another, it is forbidden to sow under it.
ט״זקָשַׁר חֶבֶל אוֹ גֶּמִי בִּזְמוֹרָה וְקָשַׁר הָרֹאשׁ אֶחָד בְּאִילָן הֲרֵי זֶה מֻתָּר לִזְרֹעַ תַּחַת הַחֶבֶל. וְאִם מָתַח חֲבָל זֶה כְּדֵי שֶׁיְּהַלְּכוּ עָלָיו הַשָּׂרִיגִים וְהֶעָלִים הֲרֵי הוּא כָּאַפִּיפְיָרוֹת וְאָסוּר לִזְרֹעַ תַּחְתָּיו:
16When a person ties a rope or rubber cord to a branch and ties the other end to a tree, he is permitted to sow [crops] under the rope.44For he is not planning to have the vine grow upon it. If he extended this rope with the intent that the branches and leaves will grow upon it, it is like a trellis and it is forbidden to sow under it.
ז׳
א׳הַבָּא לִזְרֹעַ בְּצַד הַכֶּרֶם מַרְחִיק מִמֶּנּוּ אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת מֵעִקְּרֵי הַגְּפָנִים וְזוֹרֵעַ. וְאִם גֶּפֶן יְחִידִית הִיא מַרְחִיק מִמֶּנָּה שִׁשָּׁה טְפָחִים וְזוֹרֵעַ. הָיְתָה שׁוּרָה אַחַת שֶׁל גְּפָנִים זוֹ בְּצַד זוֹ אֲפִלּוּ הֵן מֵאָה אֵין זֶה כֶּרֶם אֶלָּא כְּגֶפֶן יְחִידִית וּמַרְחִיק מִן הַשּׁוּרָה שִׁשָּׁה טְפָחִים וְזוֹרֵעַ. הָיוּ שְׁתֵּי שׁוּרוֹת הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ כֶּרֶם וְצָרִיךְ לְהַרְחִיק אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת מִכָּל צַד וְאַחַר כָּךְ יִזְרַע:
1When a person comes to sow [crops] next to a vineyard, he should move four cubits from the roots of the vines1See Chapter 8, Halachah 3. and sow.2For this is the space necessary to tend to the vineyard (Kilayim 7:1). From a single vine, he should move six handbreadths away and sow.If there was a row of vines, one next to each other - even 100 of them - it is not considered as a vineyard, but as a single vine. One must move [only] six handbreadths away from the row [before] sowing. If there were two rows, one must move four cubits away from every side before sowing.3For this is considered as a vineyard.
ב׳וְכַמָּה יִהְיֶה בְּכָל שׁוּרָה שָׁלֹשׁ גְּפָנִים אוֹ יוֹתֵר. בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים בְּשֶׁהָיָה בֵּין כָּל גֶּפֶן וְגֶפֶן מֵאַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת עַד שְׁמוֹנֶה אַמּוֹת. אֲבָל אִם הָיָה בֵּין שְׁתֵּי הַשּׁוּרוֹת שְׁמוֹנֶה אַמּוֹת חוּץ מִמְּקוֹם הַגְּפָנִים עַצְמָן הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ כְּמֻבְדָּלוֹת זוֹ מִזּוֹ וְאֵינָן כֶּרֶם אֶחָד וְאֵינוֹ מַרְחִיק אֶלָּא שִׁשָּׁה טְפָחִים מִכָּל שׁוּרָה. וְכֵן אִם הָיָה בֵּינֵיהֶן פָּחוֹת מֵאַרְבַּע הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ כְּגֶפֶן אַחַת וּמַרְחִיק שִׁשָּׁה טְפָחִים לְכָל רוּחַ:
2How many vines must there be in each row? Three or more.4Note, however, the exception in Halachah 7.When does the above apply?5I.e., when are the vines considered as a collective, a vineyard, and not individual entities. When there are between four and eight cubits between each vine. If, however, there are eight cubits besides the place of the vines between the two rows, they are considered as distinct from each other. They are not considered as a single vineyard and there is no need to separate more than six handbreadths from each row. Similarly, if there are less than four cubits6Here the four cubits are measured tightly, rather than amply. See Chapter 8, Halachah 12. between each of [the two rows], they are considered as a single vine and it is [only necessary] to make a distinction of six handbreadths on each side.
ג׳הָיוּ שָׁלֹשׁ שׁוּרוֹת אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁיֵּשׁ בֵּינֵיהֶן פָּחוֹת מֵאַרְבַּע הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ כֶּרֶם וְרוֹאִין אֶת הָאֶמְצָעִיּוֹת כְּאִלּוּ אֵינָם. וְכֵן אִם הָיוּ שָׁלֹשׁ שׁוּרוֹת וּבֵין כָּל שׁוּרָה וְשׁוּרָה שְׁמוֹנֶה אַמּוֹת אוֹ יוֹתֵר הֲרֵי זֶה זוֹרֵעַ בֵּין הַשּׁוּרוֹת:
3If there were three rows, even though there are less than four cubits between them, they are considered as a vineyard, for we consider the middle row as if it does not exist.7When the vines are planted so densely, they will not grow well. Thus we assume that ultimately, the middle vines will be uprooted. Since that is their eventual fate, even while they exist, they are not considered as significant entities. Similarly, if there were three rows and eight cubits or more between each row, one may sow between the rows.8For each row is considered as an independent entity and hence, it is only necessary to make a six handbreadth separation between them.The Ra'avad follows a more stringent view and maintains that since there are three rows, they appear as a vineyard. Unless there is a significant distance - sixteen cubits - between them, they are considered as a collective. The Kessef Mishneh states that although the Mishnah (Kilayim 4:8) appears to support the Ra'avad's view, the Rambam's opinion has its source in the Jerusalem Talmud.
ד׳לְפִיכָךְ הַנּוֹטֵעַ אֶת כַּרְמוֹ מִתְּחִלָּה וְהִרְחִיק בֵּין כָּל שׁוּרָה וְשׁוּרָה שְׁמוֹנֶה אַמּוֹת מֻתָּר לְהָבִיא זֶרַע בְּתוֹכוֹ. וּמַרְחִיק מִכָּל שׁוּרָה שִׁשָּׁה טְפָחִים בִּלְבַד. אֲבָל אִם זָרַע חוּצָה לוֹ צָרִיךְ לְהַרְחִיק מִשּׁוּרָה הַחִיצוֹנָה אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת כִּשְׁאָר הַכְּרָמִים וְאֵין דִּין בֵּין הַשּׁוּרוֹת שֶׁל זֶה הַכֶּרֶם כְּכֶרֶם שֶׁחָרַב בְּאֶמְצָעוֹ שֶׁהֲרֵי מִתְּחִלָּה נְטָעָן מְרֻחָקִין:
4Therefore if a person sows his vineyard from the outset with an eight cubit separation left between each row, he is permitted to sow crops within it, leaving a distance of only six handbreadths between [the crops and] every row of vines.9For, with regard to the produce sowed within it, each row is considered like an individual vine. If, however, he sowed [crops] outside the vineyard, he must make a separation of four cubits from the outer row, as applies with regard to other vineyards.10The rationale is that this vineyard was designated as a vineyard from the outset and an outside observer should be able to see that it is separate from an adjoining field. Hence, a proper separation must be made from its outer borders. The Ra'avad differs, stating that if a separation is required outside it, one certainly should be required inside it. The Radbaz and the Kessef Mishneh support the Rambam's view. The laws [applying to the space] between the rows of this vineyard are not the same as those that apply to a vineyard whose center was devastated,11In which instance, it is necessary to make a separation of four cubits, as stated in Halachah 11. for from the outset, he planted them in a separate manner.
ה׳הָיְתָה בְּשָׂדֶה זוֹ שׁוּרָה אַחַת שֶׁל גְּפָנִים וּבִשְׂדֵה חֲבֵרוֹ שׁוּרָה אַחֶרֶת כְּנֶגְדָּהּ קְרוֹבָה לָהּ. אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁמַּפְסִיק בֵּינֵיהֶן דֶּרֶךְ הַיָּחִיד אוֹ דֶּרֶךְ הָרַבִּים אוֹ גָּדֵר שֶׁהוּא נָמוּךְ מֵעֲשָׂרָה טְפָחִים הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ מִצְטָרְפוֹת לִהְיוֹת שְׁתֵּיהֶן כֶּרֶם וְהוּא שֶׁיִּהְיֶה בֵּינֵיהֶן פָּחוֹת מִשְּׁמוֹנֶה:
5When there was one row of vines in a field and another row in a field belonging to a colleague that was opposite it and close to it, [the two rows] can be combined to be considered as a vineyard12Despite the fact that the two rows of vines belong to two separate individuals, since they are close enough to appear as a single entity, it is forbidden to sow crops between them and one must make a separation of four cubits on the outside [the Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah (Kilayim 4:7)]. although there is a private path, a communal path,13Inspired by the Ra'avad's gloss, we have chosen this translation, rather than the term "public thoroughfare" which is usually used, because, here the road is no more than eight handbreadths wide, as stated at the conclusion of the halachah, while a "public thoroughfare" is sixteen cubits wide, as stated in Hilchot Matanot Aniyim 3:3 and Hilchot Shabbat 14:1. Notably, in his Commentary to the Mishnah (loc. cit.), the Rambam mentions the figure of sixteen cubits. or a fence which is less than ten handbreadths high14If, however, it is ten handbreadths high, it is considered as a distinguishing factor, as stated in Chapter 3, Halachah 15. provided there are less than eight cubits between them.
ו׳נָטַע שׁוּרָה אַחַת בָּאָרֶץ וְשׁוּרָה אַחַת בְּמַדְרֵגָה. אִם גְּבוֹהָה הַמַּדְרֵגָה מִן הָאָרֶץ עֲשָׂרָה טְפָחִים אֵינָם מִצְטָרְפִין. פָּחוֹת מִיכַּן מִצְטָרְפִין:
6[The following rules apply if one] planted one row on ground level and one row on a terrace: If the terrace is ten handbreadths above ground level, they are not considered as a single entity.15Certain restrictions, nevertheless, apply, as stated in Chapter 6, Halachah 5. If it is lower than that, they are.16According to the standard published text of the Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah (Kilayim 6:2), the Rambam changed his mind when issuing the ruling here. Rav Kappach, however, maintains that a printing error crept into that text.
ז׳הַנּוֹטֵעַ חָמֵשׁ גְּפָנִים שְׁתַּיִם כְּנֶגֶד שְׁתַּיִם וְאַחַת יוֹצֵאת זָנָב הֲרֵי זֶה נִקְרָא כֶּרֶם קָטָן וְצָרִיךְ לְהַרְחִיק מֵהֶן אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת לְכָל רוּחַ. אֲבָל אִם נְטָעָן שְׁתַּיִם כְּנֶגֶד שְׁתַּיִם וְאַחַת בָּאֶמְצַע אוֹ שָׁלֹשׁ בְּשׁוּרָה זוֹ וּשְׁתַּיִם כְּנֶגְדָּן בְּשׁוּרָה שְׁנִיָּה אֵינָם כֶּרֶם וְאֵינוֹ מַרְחִיק מֵהֶן אֶלָּא שִׁשָּׁה טְפָחִים לְכָל רוּחַ:
7When a person plants five vines: two opposite each other and one which projects like a tail, it is called a small vineyard.17Ordinarily, a vineyard must have at least two rows of three vines each, as implied by Halachot 1-2. The differences between an ordinary vineyard and a small vineyard are mentioned in Halachah 13.During the Talmudic era in Eretz Yisrael, it was very common to plant vineyards with five vines. See the accompanying diagram. It is necessary to separate four cubits from it on all sides. If, however, he planted two opposite two and one in the middle or one row of three and two opposite them in a second row,18This represents the Rambam's interpretation of the phrase "two opposite two, and one in between" in Kilayim 4:6. they are not considered a vineyard and it is only necessary to make a separation of six handbreadths on each side.
ח׳כֶּרֶם שֶׁחָרַב אִם יֵשׁ בּוֹ לְלַקֵּט עֶשֶׂר גְּפָנִים לְכָל בֵּית סְאָה וְיִהְיוּ נְטוּעוֹת שְׁתַּיִם כְּנֶגֶד שְׁתַּיִם וְאַחַת יוֹצְאָה זָנָב. אוֹ יֵשׁ בּוֹ לְכַוֵּן שָׁלֹשׁ כְּנֶגֶד שָׁלֹשׁ הֲרֵי זֶה נִקְרָא כֶּרֶם דַּל וְאָסוּר לִזְרֹעַ בְּכֻלּוֹ:
8[The following laws apply when] a vineyard has been devastated. If there are ten vines [whose produce] can be reaped in an area fit to harvest a se'ah [of grain]1950 cubits by 50 cubits. and they are planted two opposite two and one projecting like a tail or it is possible to see them as two rows of three, it is called a meager vineyard20I.e., it is obviously sparsely planted. Nevertheless, there are enough vines in it for it to be called a vineyard and sowing other species is forbidden. and it is forbidden to sow [crops] in it.
ט׳כֶּרֶם שֶׁאֵינוֹ נָטוּעַ שׁוּרוֹת שׁוּרוֹת אֶלָּא מְעֵרְבָּב. אִם יֵשׁ בּוֹ לְכַוֵּן שְׁתַּיִם כְּנֶגֶד שָׁלֹשׁ הֲרֵי זֶה כֶּרֶם וְאִם לָאו אֵינוֹ כֶּרֶם. אֶלָּא דַּיּוֹ לְהַרְחִיק שִׁשָּׁה טְפָחִים מִכָּל גֶּפֶן וְגֶפֶן וְזוֹרֵעַ:
9[The following laws apply when] a vineyard is not planted in rows, but rather randomly. If it is possible to see [the vines] as having been planted two opposite three,21The Radbaz and Rav Yosef Corcus interprets this as meaning "two opposite two and one projecting like a tail" as in the previous halachot. it is considered as a vineyard.22And it is forbidden to sow other crops there and one must separate four cubits from its outer perimeter before sowing other crops. If not, it is not considered a vineyard and it is sufficient to separate only six handbreadths from each individual vine before sowing.
י׳הָיוּ הָעִקָּרִים מְכֻוָּנִין וְהַנּוֹף אֵינוֹ מְכֻוָּן הֲרֵי זֶה כֶּרֶם. הַנּוֹף מְכֻוָּן וְהָעִקָּר אֵינוֹ מְכֻוָּן אֵינוֹ כֶּרֶם. הָיוּ דַּקּוֹת וְאֵינָן מְכֻוָּנוֹת הֶעֱבוּ וַהֲרֵי הֵן מְכֻוָּנוֹת הֲרֵי זֶה כֶּרֶם. כֵּיצַד הוּא יוֹדֵעַ אִם הֵן מְכֻוָּנוֹת. מֵבִיא חוּט הַמִּדָּה וּמוֹתֵחַ מִזּוֹ לְזוֹ:
10When the base of the vines are [planted] opposite each other, but the branches are not growing opposite each other, it is considered a vineyard.23I.e., and not as individual vines. Hence, the restrictions mentioned in the previous note apply. If the branches are [growing] opposite each other, but the bases are not [planted] opposite each other, it is not considered a vineyard. If when the vines were thin, they were not [positioned] opposite each other, but when they grew thick, they were positioned opposite each other, it is considered a vineyard.How should one know if the vines are planted opposite each other? He should take a measuring line and measure from one to the other.
י״אכֶּרֶם שֶׁחָרַב בְּאֶמְצָעוֹ וְנִשְׁאָר שָׁלֵם מִכָּל סְבִיבָיו. אִם יֵשׁ בַּקָּרַחַת שֶׁבְּאֶמְצָעוֹ שֵׁשׁ עֶשְׂרֵה אַמָּה הֲרֵי זֶה מַרְחִיק מֵעִקְּרֵי הַגְּפָנִים אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת לְכָל רוּחַ וְזוֹרֵעַ בְּאֶמְצַע הַקָּרַחַת. וְאִם אֵין בָּהּ שֵׁשׁ עֶשְׂרֵה אַמָּה הֲרֵי זֶה לֹא יָבִיא זֶרַע לְשָׁם. וְאִם הֵבִיא הוֹאִיל וְהִרְחִיק אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת לְכָל רוּחַ מִן הַגְּפָנִים שֶׁל כֶּרֶם הֲרֵי זֶה לֹא קִדֵּשׁ:
11[The following laws apply when] the middle of a vineyard has been devastated, but it remains complete on all its sides. If the empty portion in the center [has a diameter of] sixteen cubits, one may separate four cubits24The amount of space necessary to perform work in the vineyard. from the base of the vines on each side and sow in the midst of the empty portion.25Thus he will save a circle with a radius of at least 8 cubits in which to sow crops [the Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah (Kilayim 4:1)]. If [the diameter] is less than sixteen cubits, he should not bring seed there.26For the area is still considered as a vineyard. If he did sow there, since he made a separation of four cubits from the vineyard's vines on all sides, [the produce] does not become hallowed.
י״בוְכֵן מָקוֹם שֶׁנִּשְׁאַר פָּנוּי בְּלֹא גְּפָנִים בֵּין סוֹף הַכֶּרֶם וּבֵין הַגָּדֵר שֶׁלּוֹ וְהוּא הַנִּקְרָא מְחוֹל הַכֶּרֶם אִם יֵשׁ בּוֹ שְׁתֵּים עֶשְׂרֵה אַמָּה מַרְחִיק מִן הַגְּפָנִים אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת וְזוֹרֵעַ אֶת הִשָּׁאֵר:
12Similarly, if an empty portion was left without vines between the end of the vineyard and its fence, it is called "a forsaken [portion of a] vineyard."27Our translation is based on the Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah (loc. cit.). If it is [at least] twelve cubits wide,28The requirement of twelve cubits is determined as follows: Four cubits are required for the tilling of the vineyard and four cubits are required for a path near the fence. If the remaining space is less than four cubits wide, it is not significant and is considered subsumed to the vineyard. If it is larger than that, it is considered as an independent entity and it is permitted to sow crops in it (Eruvin 93ab). one may [merely] separate four cubits from the vines and sow the remainder.
י״גהָיָה בּוֹ פָּחוֹת מִשְּׁתֵּים עֶשְׂרֵה אַמָּה לֹא יָבִיא זֶרַע לְשָׁם. וְאִם הֵבִיא הוֹאִיל וְהִרְחִיק אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת הֲרֵי זֶה לֹא קִדֵּשׁ. בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים בְּכֶרֶם גָּדוֹל. אֲבָל בְּקָטָן אֵין לוֹ מָחוֹל אֶלָּא מַרְחִיק אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת מִסּוֹף הַגְּפָנִים וְזוֹרֵעַ עַד הַגָּדֵר. וְכֵן כֶּרֶם גָּדוֹל שֶׁהָיָה בֵּין כָּל שׁוּרָה וְשׁוּרָה שְׁמוֹנֶה אַמּוֹת אוֹ יֶתֶר אֵין לוֹ מָחוֹל:
13If it was less than twelve cubits wide, he should not bring seeds [to sow] there. If he did, since he made a separation of four cubits [between the seeds and the vineyard, the produce] does not become hallowed.29For the prohibition is a Rabbinic safeguard.When does the above apply? In a large vineyard.30I.e., one with at least three rows of three vines. [The laws of] "a forsaken portion," by contrast, do not apply with regard to a small vineyard.31From the Jerusalem Talmud (Kilayim 4:1), it appears that this term refers to a vineyard with three rows of two vines. Certainly it applies to one with only five vines, as described in Halachah 7.As mentioned above, with regard to a large vineyard, the owner is willing to refrain from sowing the four cubits next to the fence so that they can be used as a path. With regard to a small vineyard, he is not prepared to forgo the use of so much space. Instead, one may make a separation of four cubits from the end of the vines and sow until the fence. Similarly, if there are eight cubits or more between each row of a large vineyard,32In which instance, the leniency mentioned in Halachah 3 applies (Kessef Mishneh). [the laws of] "a forsaken portion," do not apply.33Since this vineyard is planted irregularly, the laws governing the ordinary pattern in which vines are planted do not apply (ibid.).
י״דהָיָה הַגָּדֵר הַמַּקִּיף אֶת הַכֶּרֶם פָּחוֹת מֵעֲשָׂרָה טְפָחִים. אוֹ שֶׁהָיָה גָּבְהוֹ עֲשָׂרָה טְפָחִים וְאֵין בּוֹ רֹחַב אַרְבָּעָה טְפָחִים. אֵין לוֹ מָחוֹל. אֶלָּא מַרְחִיק מִסּוֹף הַגְּפָנִים אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת וְזוֹרֵעַ עַד הַמְּחִצָּה. אֲפִלּוּ הָיָה בֵּין הַגְּפָנִים וּבֵין הַמְּחִצָּה אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת וּמֶחֱצָה זוֹרֵעַ אֶת חֲצִי הָאַמָּה:
14If the fence surrounding the vineyard was less than ten handbreadths high or it was ten handbreadths high, but not four handbreadths wide,34This is referring to a stone fence, which was usually built ten by four. [the laws of] "a forsaken portion," do not apply.35One of the reasons four cubits were left open next to the fence for people to walk was that walking there strengthened the fence. A fence that does not possess those dimensions does not need to be strengthened. Instead, one should make a separation of four cubits from the base of the vines and sow until the barrier. Even if there are four and a half cubits between the vines and the barrier, he may sow the half cubit.
ט״וגָּדֵר שֶׁהוּא גָּבוֹהַּ עֲשָׂרָה טְפָחִים וְכֵן חָרִיץ שֶׁהוּא עָמֹק עֲשָׂרָה טְפָחִים וְרָחָב אַרְבַּע הֲרֵי זֶה מֻתָּר לִטַּע כֶּרֶם בְּצִדּוֹ מִכָּאן וִירָקוֹת בְּצִדּוֹ מִכָּאן. אֲפִלּוּ מְחִצָּה שֶׁל קָנִים אִם אֵין בֵּין קָנֶה לַחֲבֵרוֹ שְׁלֹשָׁה טְפָחִים הֲרֵי זוֹ מֻבְדֶּלֶת בֵּין הַכֶּרֶם וְהַיָּרָק בְּגָדֵר:
15When a fence is ten handbreadths high or a trench is ten handbreadths and four handbreadths wide, it is permitted to plant a vineyard on one side and vegetables on the other side.36Without moving away from the fence or trench. The fence or the trench itself creates a distinction between the two crops. Even if there is a barrier made of reeds [with spaces in between them], as long as there is less than three handbreadths between one reed and another,37The rationale is that within three cubits, we apply the principle of l'vud and the open space between the reeds is considered as closed [the Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah (Kilayim 4:3)]. the fence is considered as separating between the vineyard and the vegetables.
ט״זגָּדֵר הַמַּבְדִּיל בֵּין כֶּרֶם וְיָרָק שֶׁנִּפְרַץ עַד עֶשֶׂר אַמּוֹת הֲרֵי זֶה כְּפֶתַח וּמֻתָּר. הָיְתָה פְּרוּצָה יוֹתֵר מֵעֶשֶׂר כְּנֶגֶד הַפִּרְצָה אָסוּר עַד שֶׁיַּרְחִיק מִן הַגְּפָנִים כַּשִּׁעוּר. נִפְרְצוּ בּוֹ פְּרָצוֹת רַבּוֹת אִם הָיָה הָעוֹמֵד כְּפָרוּץ הֲרֵי זֶה מֻתָּר כְּאִלּוּ אֵין שָׁם פִּרְצָה. הָיָה פָּרוּץ מְרֻבֶּה עַל הָעוֹמֵד לֹא יִזְרַע כְּנֶגֶד כָּל הַמְּקוֹמוֹת הַפְּרוּצִים עַד שֶׁיַּרְחִיק כַּשִּׁעוּר:
16[The following laws apply when] the fence separating between the vineyard and the vegetables is breached. If it is ten cubits or less, it is considered as an entrance and it is permitted. If the breach was more than ten [cubits], [it is] forbidden [to sow vegetables] opposite the open portion unless he moves the required measure away38Four cubits. from the vines.[The following rules apply when] there are many breaches39That are less than ten cubits wide. in the fence.40With regard to the following, note the parallels to Hilchot Shabbat 16:16. If the [portions of the fence that remain] standing are equal to those that have been breached, it is permitted as if there was no breach. If the breached portions exceed those which remain standing, he should not sow in front of all those open spaces unless he separates in the appropriate manner.41He may, however, sow opposite the portions that remain standing, provided they are four cubits wide.
י״זמְחִצַּת הַכֶּרֶם שֶׁנִּפְרְצָה אוֹמְרִים לוֹ גְדֹר. גְּדָרָהּ וְנִפְרְצָה אוֹמְרִים לוֹ גְדֹר. נִתְיָאֵשׁ מִמֶּנָּה וְלֹא גְּדָרָהּ הֲרֵי זֶה קִדֵּשׁ:
17When the partition of a vineyard is breached,42And there is grain or vegetables growing outside it. [the court] tells [the owner]:43As a warning. At this stage, the status of the produce is not changed. "Close it." If he closed it and it was breached [again], [the court] tells him: "Close it." If he despairs and does not close it,44And the produce increases 1/200th in size. [the produce] becomes hallowed.45Because there is no distinction between the other produce and the vineyard.
י״חבַּיִת שֶׁחֶצְיוֹ מְקֹרֶה וְחֶצְיוֹ אֵינוֹ מְקֹרֶה וּגְפָנִים נְטוּעוֹת בְּצַד זֶה מֻתָּר לִזְרֹעַ יְרָקוֹת בַּצַּד הָאַחֵר. שֶׁהֲרֵי פִּי תִּקְרָה כְּאִלּוּ יָרַד וְסָתַם וְנַעֲשָׂה בֵּינֵיהֶן כִּמְחִצָּה. וְאִם הִשְׁוָה אֶת קֵרוּיוֹ אָסוּר:
18When a building is partially covered by a roof and partially open and vines are planted on one side, it is permissible to plant vegetables on the other. [The rationale is that] we consider it as if the end of the roof descends and closes [the area] off and creates a barrier between them.46Note the parallels in Hilchot Shabbat 17:35; Hilchot Sukkah 4:5, 8-9. If he completes the roof, it is forbidden [to plant two species].47Even though the vineyard is indoors, there is still a Rabbinic prohibition involved.
י״טחָצֵר קְטַנָּה שֶׁנִּפְרְצָה בִּמְלוֹאָהּ לִגְדוֹלָה וְהָיוּ הַגְּפָנִים בַּגְּדוֹלָה אָסוּר לִזְרֹעַ בַּקְּטַנָּה. וְאִם זָרַע הַזְּרָעִים אֲסוּרִין וְהַגְּפָנִים מֻתָּרִין. הָיוּ הַגְּפָנִים בַּקְּטַנָּה מֻתָּר לִזְרֹעַ בַּגְּדוֹלָה הוֹאִיל וְיֵשׁ בַּגְּדוֹלָה פַּסִּין מִכָּאן וּמִכָּאן הֲרֵי הִיא כְּמֻבְדֶּלֶת מִן הַקְּטַנָּה וְאֵין הַקְּטַנָּה מֻבְדֶּלֶת מִן הַגְּדוֹלָה:
19When [the walls of] a small courtyard were breached entirely to a large courtyard and there were vines in the large courtyard, it is forbidden to sow [other produce] in the smaller one.48For the two courtyards are considered as a single entity. Note the parallels in Hilchot Tefilah 8:7-8; Hilchot Eruvin 3:24.Rashi, Eruvin 92b states that even if one makes a separation of four cubits, it is forbidden to sow in the smaller courtyard, because it is considered as an entranceway to the larger one. If he sows there, that produce is forbidden and the vines are permitted. If there were vines in the smaller [courtyard], it is permitted to sow other produce in the larger one.49Provided one separates four cubits. [The rationale is] that since the larger [courtyard] has barriers on either side,50I.e., a portion of its walls remain standing. it is considered as separate from the smaller one. The smaller one, by contrast, is not considered as separate from the larger one.
כ׳חָרִיץ שֶׁהוּא עוֹבֵר בַּכֶּרֶם עָמֹק עֲשָׂרָה וְרָחָב אַרְבָּעָה אִם הָיָה מְפֻלָּשׁ מֵרֹאשׁ הַכֶּרֶם וְעַד סוֹפוֹ הֲרֵי זֶה נִרְאֶה כְּבֵין שְׁנֵי הַכְּרָמִים וּמֻתָּר לִזְרֹעַ בְּתוֹכוֹ. וּבִלְבַד שֶׁלֹּא יִהְיוּ הַגְּפָנִים מְסַכְּכִין עָלָיו כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ. וְאִם לֹא הָיָה מְפֻלָּשׁ הֲרֵי הוּא כְּגַת שֶׁבְּאֶמְצַע הַכֶּרֶם שֶׁאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהִיא עֲמֻקָּה עֲשָׂרָה וּרְחָבָה אַרְבָּעָה אוֹ יֶתֶר אָסוּר לוֹ לִזְרֹעַ בְּתוֹכָהּ אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן הָיָה בַּקָּרַחַת שֵׁשׁ עֶשְׂרֵה אַמָּה:
20[The following laws apply when] a trench that is ten [handbreadths] deep and four [handbreadths] wide passes through a vineyard. If it passes from the beginning of the vineyard to the end, [since] it appears as [passing] between two [separate] vineyards, it is permitted to sow [other crops] in it, provided the vines do not become draped over it, as we explained.51See Chapter 5, Halachah 8, Chapter 6, Halachah 11, and Halachah 22 of this chapter.If it did not pass from side to side,52And is thus surrounded by the vineyard on all three sides. Accordingly, although the trench is a separate entity, it is forbidden to sow within it. it is considered as a vat in the midst of a vineyard, in which instance even if it is ten [handbreadths] deep and four handbreadths wide or more, it is forbidden to sow within it unless the empty portion is at least sixteen cubits wide.53As stated in Halachah 11.
כ״אשְׁבִיל שֶׁבֵּין שְׁנֵי הַכְּרָמִים הֲרֵי הוּא כְּכֶרֶם שֶׁחָרַב מֵאֶמְצָעוֹ. אִם יֵשׁ בֵּינֵיהֶם שֵׁשׁ עֶשְׂרֵה אַמָּה מַרְחִיק מִזֶּה אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת וּמִזֶּה אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת וְזוֹרֵעַ אֶת הַמּוֹתָר. וְאִם הָיָה פָּחוֹת מִכָּאן לֹא יָבִיא זֶרַע לְשָׁם:
21A path54When mentioning the principles upon which this law is based, Kilayim 4:2-3 does not speak of a path. The Rambam, however, mentions it as a further inclusion, teaching that even if people use it to walk back and forth, it is not considered a separation unless it is of the appropriate length (Radbaz). between two vineyards resembles a vineyard that was devastated in its midst.55Halachah 11. If there are sixteen cubits between them, he may make a separation of four cubits on either side and sow in the remainder. If there was less than that between them, he should not bring seeds there.
כ״בשׁוֹמֵרָה שֶׁבַּכֶּרֶם אִם גְּבוֹהָה עֲשָׂרָה וּרְחָבָה אַרְבָּעָה מֻתָּר לִזְרֹעַ בְּרֹאשָׁהּ יָרָק. וּבִלְבַד שֶׁלֹּא יִהְיוּ הַשָּׂרִיגִין נוֹגְעִין בָּהּ כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יֵרָאֶה יָרָק בְּתוֹךְ הַכֶּרֶם מִלְּמַעְלָה. בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים בִּמְרֻבַּעַת. אֲבָל אִם הָיְתָה הַשּׁוֹמֵרָה עֲגֻלָּה צְרִיכָה שֶׁיִּהְיֶה בְּתוֹכָהּ חָלָל אַרְבָּעָה טְפָחִים כְּדֵי שֶׁתִּהְיֶה מֻפְלֶגֶת מִן הָאָרֶץ. וּצְרִיכָה עָפָר עַל רֹאשָׁהּ מִלְּמַעְלָה שְׁלֹשָׁה טְפָחִים:
22[The following laws apply with regard to] a mound56Alternatively, a guardhouse. in a vineyard. If it is ten [handbreadths] high and four [handbreadths] wide,57Since it has these dimensions, it is considered as a separate entity, distinct from the vineyard. Although a trench must pass from one end of the vineyard to the other as stated in Halachah 20, greater leniency is granted in this instance, because the mound stands out because of its height. it is permitted to sow vegetables on its top as long as the branches of the vine do not touch58This reflects the Rambam's translation of the word kotesh in Kilayim 5:3. it so that from above, there does not appear to be vegetables in the midst of the vineyard.When does the above apply? [When the mound] is rectangular.59Since the space is rectangular, it is distinct and considered significant, even if it is not four handbreadths by four handbreadths (P'nei Moshe, Jerusalem Talmud, Kilayim 5:3). If, however, the mound is circular, there must be an empty space of four handbreadths in its midst60I.e., it must be able to circumscribe a square four handbreadths by four handbreadths (Radbaz). so that it will be separated from the earth and there must be three handbreadths of earth on its top.61I.e., if the base of the mound was a stone, there must be three handbreadths of loose earth.
כ״גהַבַּיִת שֶׁבַּכֶּרֶם אִם הָיָה יוֹתֵר מִשְּׁלֹשָׁה טְפָחִים עַל שְׁלֹשָׁה טְפָחִים עַד אַרְבָּעָה זוֹרְעִין בְּתוֹכוֹ יָרָק. וְאִם הָיָה פָּחוֹת מִשְּׁלֹשָׁה עַל שְׁלֹשָׁה הֲרֵי הוּא כְּסָתוּם וְאֵין זוֹרְעִין בְּתוֹכוֹ:
23When there is a building in a vineyard, if it is three handbreadths or more62Our translation, though not literal, is based on the gloss of the Radbaz. by three handbreadths until four handbreadths,63The meaning of this phrase is somewhat problematic and in fact it is lacking in certain versions of the Mishneh Torah. According to the Jerusalem Talmud, this refers to the height of the building. The intent being that if the building is not four cubits high, one must hollow out its earth so that it reaches the height of four handbreadths. one may sow vegetables inside of it.64Because of its walls, the building is a distinct entity and one may sow up to the wall itself, even at the entrance. There is no need to make a separation (Radbaz). If it is less than three handbreadths by three handbreadth, it is considered as closed65Based on the halachic principle of l'vud. and one should not sow [vegetables] within it.
כ״דגֶּפֶן יְחִידִית שֶׁהָיְתָה נְטוּעָה בְּתוֹךְ הַנֶּקַע אוֹ בְּתוֹךְ הֶחָרִיץ מַרְחִיק מִמֶּנָּה שִׁשָּׁה טְפָחִים לְכָל רוּחַ וְזוֹרֵעַ אֶת כָּל הֶחָרִיץ כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁעוֹשֶׂה בַּמִּישׁוֹר. וְאִם הָיָה עָמֹק עֲשָׂרָה וְהָיָה רֹחַב שְׂפַת הֶחָרִיץ לְמַעְלָה אַרְבָּעָה אָסוּר לִזְרֹעַ בְּתוֹכוֹ אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהִרְחִיק שִׁשָּׁה:
24When one vine is planted in a pit66In his Commentary to the Mishnah (Kilayim 5:4), the Rambam writes that this refers to a pit used to store water. or in the midst of a trench, one must separate six handbreadths67For this is the amount of space necessary to till one vine (ibid.). from it, [then] one may sow [other crops] in the remainder of the trench as one would do on flat ground. If the trench was ten handbreadths deep and there was a border on the edge of the trench with a top four handbreadths wide, it is forbidden to sow other crops inside of it even though one made a separation of six handbreadths.68This is a continuation of the principle stated in the following halachah (Rav Yosef Corcus).
כ״הוְכֵן גֶּפֶן יְחִידִית שֶׁהָיְתָה מֻקֶּפֶת גָּדֵר גָּבוֹהַּ עֲשָׂרָה וְרָחָב אַרְבָּעָה לֹא יִזְרַע בְּכָל הַמְּחִצָּה וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶּׁהִרְחִיק שִׁשָּׁה. וְאִם הִרְחִיק שִׁשָּׁה וְזָרַע לֹא קִדֵּשׁ. וְכַמָּה יַרְחִיק לְכַתְּחִלָּה וְיִזְרַע אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת לְכָל רוּחַ וְאַחַר כָּךְ יִזְרַע שְׁאָר הֶחָרִיץ אוֹ שְׁאָר הַמָּקוֹם הַמֻּקָּף גָּדֵר:
25Similarly, when there is one vine that is surrounded by a fence that is ten handbreadths high and four handbreadths wide, one should not sow [other produce] in the entire area set off by the barriers69Since the fence is significant, it causes everything contained within it to be considered as a single entity. Hence, the entire enclosed area is considered as a vineyard even though it contains only one vine (Radbaz). even though one makes a separation of six handbreadths. If one made a separation of six handbreadths and sowed, however, the produce is not hallowed.70For the minimum requirements have been met.What is the initial and preferred size of the separation one should make? Four cubits on every side.71For this is sufficient even in a vineyard. Afterwards, he may sow [other produce] in the remainder of the trench or in the remainder of the area surrounded by a fence.
ח׳
א׳הַגְּפָנִּים שֶׁגָּדְלוּ כִּבְרִיָּתָן וַהֲרֵי הַשָּׂרִיגִים וְהָאֶשְׁכּוֹלוֹת שֶׁלָּהֶן מֻשְׁלָכִין בָּאָרֶץ הֵן הַנִּקְרָאִין כֶּרֶם. אֲבָל הָעוֹשֶׂה כְּמוֹ מִטָּה אוֹ כְּמוֹ שְׂבָכָה גְּבוֹהָה מֵעַל הָאָרֶץ כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּהְיוּ הָאֶשְׁכּוֹלוֹת וְהַשָּׂרִיגִים נִמְשָׁכִין עָלֶיהָ וְהִגְבִּיהַּ נוֹף הַגְּפָנִים מֵעַל הָאָרֶץ עַל אוֹתָהּ הַמִּטָּה וְהִדְלָה אוֹתוֹ הֲרֵי זֶה נִקְרָא עָרִיס. וְאוֹתָם הַקָּנִים וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן שֶׁעָשָׂה מֵהֶן מִטָּה אוֹ שְׂבָכָה וְהִדְלָה עֲלֵיהֶן אֶת נוֹף הַגֶּפֶן הֵן הַנִּקְרָאִים אַפִּיפְיָרוֹת. וְדִינִים אֲחֵרִים יֵשׁ בְּעָרִיס:
1When vines grow in their natural manner with their branches and their clusters lying on the earth, [the place where they grow] is called a vineyard (kerem). When, however, a person creates something like a bed or a platform raised above the earth so that the clusters and the branches will be extended over it and he lifted up the foliage of the vines from the ground unto that trellis and draped them over it, it is called an aris. The branches and the like from which the trellis or platform was made and upon which the foliage of the vine is draped are called apiperot. Different laws apply to an aris.
ב׳הַנּוֹטֵעַ שׁוּרָה אַחַת שֶׁל חָמֵשׁ גְּפָנִים אוֹ יֶתֶר וְעִרְסָן עַל גַּבֵּי כֹּתֶל גָּבוֹהַּ עֲשָׂרָה וְכַיּוֹצֵא בּוֹ אוֹ שֶׁנְּטָעָן בְּצַד חָרִיץ עָמֹק עֲשָׂרָה וְרָחָב אַרְבָּעָה הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ נִקְרָאִין עָרִיס. וְצָרִיךְ לְהַרְחִיק מִן הֶעָרִיס אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת וְאַחַר כָּךְ יִזְרַע. כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁמַּרְחִיק מִן הַכֶּרֶם:
2When a person plants one row of five or more vines and drapes them over a wall that is ten handbreadths high or the like, or he planted them on the side of a trench1And lowered the branches and the clusters into the trench. that is ten [handbreadths] deep and four [handbreadths] wide, they are [also] classified as an aris. It is necessary to separate from an aris four cubits [before] sowing [other produce], similar to the separation [required in] a vineyard.2Thus the laws governing an aris are more severe than those governing a vineyard. For in a vineyard, it is not necessary to separate more than six handbreadths, because one row is not considered as a vineyard (Chapter 7, Halachah 1).
ג׳וּמֵהֵיכָן מוֹדְדִין. מֵעִקַּר הַגָּדֵר שֶׁעֵרְסָן עָלָיו. כֵּיצַד. הִרְחִיק אֶת הַשּׁוּרָה שֶׁל גְּפָנִים מִן הַכֹּתֶל אַמָּה וְנִמְצָא הֶעָרִיס מִן הַגְּפָנִים וְלַכֹּתֶל מוֹדֵד מִן הַכֹּתֶל אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת וְזוֹרֵעַ. וְנִמְצָא בֵּין הַזֶּרַע וּבֵין עִקְּרֵי הַגְּפָנִים חָמֵשׁ אַמּוֹת. וְאִם בָּא לִזְרֹעַ מִצַּד הַגְּפָנִים מַרְחִיק מֵעִקְּרֵי הַגְּפָנִים אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת שֶׁנִּמְצָא רָחוֹק מִן הַכֹּתֶל חָמֵשׁ אַמּוֹת. וְעַל דֶּרֶךְ זוֹ דָּנִין בְּכָל עָרִיס:
3From where do we measure? From the base of the fence over which he draped them. What is implied? He made a separation of a cubit between the row of vines and the wall. Thus the aris is made from the vines and the wall, he should measure four cubits from the wall and sow.3Generally, a fence creates a distinction and it is not necessary to make a separation on its outside (Chapter 7, Halachah 14). In this instance, however, since the vines are draped over the fence itself, it is considered as part of the aris and a separation is required (Kessef Mishneh).The Ra'avad differs and maintains that a fence always creates a distinction and there is no need to separate on its outer side. The source for the Rambam's ruling is Kilayim 6:1. Significantly, in his Commentary to the Mishnah, the Rambam follows the Ra'avad's approach and maintains that one measures only on the inside of the fence. There he explains that the School of Hillel, whose view is accepted as halachah, maintains that one measures four cubits from the fence. Thus the other crops need only be separated three cubits from the base of the vine.Rav Kappach notes that in a manuscript copy of the Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah, Rav Avraham, the Rambam's son, corrected his father's text, based on the ruling here. The Radbaz and the Kessef Mishneh note that the Rambam's change of mind is dependent on his understanding of the treatment of the mishnah in the Jerusalem Talmud. Thus there are five cubits between [the crops] sown and the base of the vines. If he seeks to sow on the side of the vines, he should separate four cubits from the base of the vines. Thus he is five cubits away from the wall. This is the pattern followed when dealing with any aris.
ד׳אֶחָד הַבּוֹנֶה אֶת הַגָּדֵר וְאַחַר כָּךְ נָטַע אוֹ שֶׁנָּטַע וְאַחַר כָּךְ עָשָׂה הַגָּדֵר הוֹאִיל וְעֵרְסָן הֲרֵי זֶה עָרִיס. נֶהֱרַס הַגָּדֵר אוֹ נִסְתַּם הֶחָרִיץ אֵין כָּאן עָרִיס אֶלָּא הֲרֵי כָּל הַשּׁוּרָה כִּגְפָנִים יְחִידִים:
4Whether one built the fence and then planted the vines or planted the vines and then built the fence, since he draped [the vines on the fence], it is considered as an aris. If the fence was destroyed4The Radbaz mentions that the fence does not have to be destroyed entirely. As long as its height is reduced below ten handbreadths, the laws of an aris no longer apply. or the trench filled, the aris ceases to exist and the entire row is considered as individual vines.5As stated in Chapter 7, Halachah 1.
ה׳עָרִיס שֶׁחָרַב אֶמְצָעוֹ וְנִשְׁתַּיְּרוּ בּוֹ חָמֵשׁ גְּפָנִים בְּצַד הַגָּדֵר מִכָּאן וְחָמֵשׁ גְּפָנִים בְּצַד הַגָּדֵר הָאַחֵר מִכְּנֶגְדָּן זֶהוּ הַנִּקְרָא פִּסְקֵי עָרִיס. אִם יֵשׁ בֵּינֵיהֶן שְׁמוֹנֶה אַמּוֹת וְאֶחָד מִשִּׁשִּׁים בָּאַמָּה הֲרֵי זֶה מַרְחִיק מִכָּל שׁוּרָה שִׁשָּׁה טְפָחִים וְזוֹרֵעַ. וְהוּא שֶׁלֹּא יִזְרַע תַּחַת הָאַפִּיפְיָרוֹת כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ:
5When an aris is destroyed6The Radbaz mentions that the fence does not have to be destroyed entirely. As long as its height is reduced below ten handbreadths, the laws of an aris no longer apply. in the middle and there remain five vines on one side of the fence and five vines on the other side of the fence opposite it,7There were two rows of vines separated by a wall over which they were both draped. Thus the wall causes them to be considered as a single entity. The Ra'avad offers a different interpretation of this situation. it is called "separate portions of an aris." If there are eight cubits and one sixtieth of a cubit between them,8As long as there are slightly more than eight cubits between the two rows, they are considered as separate entities and not as a single vineyard, as stated in Chapter 7, Halachah 2. As the Mishnah states (Kilayim 6:6), this is the only instance where an extra amount beyond whole numbers is required. one must separate [only] six handbreadths between each row before sowing, provided he does not sow beneath the trellises as explained.9Chapter 6, Halachah 12.
ו׳הָיָה בֵּינֵיהֶן שְׁמוֹנֶה אַמּוֹת בְּצִמְצוּם הֲרֵי זֶה לֹא יִזְרַע לְשָׁם. וְאִם זְרָעָן הוֹאִיל וְהִרְחִיק מִכָּל שׁוּרָה שִׁשָּׁה טְפָחִים הֲרֵי זֶה לֹא קִדֵּשׁ. וְאִם אֵין שָׁם גָּדֵר מַרְחִיק מִכָּל שׁוּרָה שִׁשָּׁה טְפָחִים וְזוֹרֵעַ שֶׁאֵין כָּאן לֹא עָרִיס וְלֹא פִּסְקֵי עָרִיס. חָזַר וּבָנָה הַגָּדֵר חָזַר עָרִיס לִמְקוֹמוֹ וְחָזְרוּ פִּסְקֵי עָרִיס לִמְקוֹמָן:
6If there is exactly eight cubits between them, one should not bring seed there. If he did sow [other crops] there, since he separated six handbreadths [from each of the rows of vines], the produce is not hallowed. If there is no fence there,10I.e., it was destroyed entirely or partially. [all that is necessary is to] separate six handbreadths from each row and sow it. For there is no aris, nor the separated portions of an aris. If he went back and rebuilt the fence,11Either partially or to a height of ten handbreadths. the aris is considered to have been renewed or the separated portions of an aris to have been renewed.
ז׳גִּנָּה קְטַנָּה שֶׁהִיא מֻקֶּפֶת גָּדֵר וְעִרֵס אֶת הַגְּפָנִים סָבִיב לָהּ מִבַּחוּץ עַל כָּל כְּתָלֶיהָ. אִם יֵשׁ בָּהּ מְלֹא בּוֹצֵר וְסַלּוֹ מִכָּאן וּמְלֹא בּוֹצֵר וְסַלּוֹ מִכָּאן. הוֹאִיל וְהִיא מֻקֶּפֶת גָּדֵר זוֹרְעִין בְּתוֹכָהּ יְרָקוֹת. וְאִם אֵין [בָּהּ] כַּשִּׁעוּר הַזֶּה אֵין זוֹרְעִים בְּתוֹכָהּ מִפְּנֵי שֶׁנִּרְאֶה הַכּל כְּעָרִיס אֶחָד וְיָרָק בְּתוֹכוֹ:
7[The following laws apply when there is] a small garden that is surrounded by a fence and one draped the vines12I.e., at least five vines. [growing] around it on the outside on all of its walls.13This follows the Rambam's approach (explained in Halachah 3), that a fence over which vines are draped does not act as a separation for them even if they are located outside it. The Ra'avad differs in his gloss to that halachah and differs in this instance as well. [Significantly, in his Commentary to the Mishnah (Ediot 2:4), the Rambam resembles the Ra'avad's interpretation here.] If [the garden] contains the space for a reaper and his basket to stand on one side14The Jerusalem Talmud (Kilayim 6:1) interprets this as being two cubits: one for the reaper and one for his basket. and the space for a reaper and his basket to stand on the other side, one may sow vegetables in it,15He must, however, separate six handbreadths [the Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah (Kilayim 6:2)]. because it is surrounded with a fence. If it is not that large, one may not sow in it, because the entire area appears as one aris with vegetables in it.16Since the space between the two fences is very small, the entire area is considered as a single unit.
ח׳גְּפָנִים שֶׁהָיוּ זְרוּעִים בְּמַדְרֵגָה גְּבוֹהָה וְהֶעָרִיס שֶׁלָּהֶן יוֹצֵא וּמְסַכֵּךְ עַל הַשָּׂדֶה. אִם עוֹמֵד בָּאָרֶץ וּבוֹצֵר אֶת כֻּלּוֹ רוֹאִין כָּל הַמָּקוֹם שֶׁתַּחַת הֶעָרִיס כְּאִלּוּ הוּא מְקוֹם עִקְּרֵי הַגְּפָנִים וְאוֹסֵר אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת בַּשָּׂדֶה לְכָל רוּחַ מִשְּׂפַת הֶעָרִיס. וְאִם אֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לִבְצֹר עַד שֶׁיַּעֲלֶה בַּמַּדְרֵגָה אוֹ בַּסֻּלָּם אֵין אָסוּר לִזְרֹעַ אֶלָּא תַּחַת הֶעָרִיס בִּלְבַד:
8[The following laws apply when] vines were planted on a terrace and their trellis17I.e., a trellis ten handbreadths high. extends and gives shade over a field. If one can stand on the earth and harvest the entire vine,18I.e., they extend low enough that he can reach them without standing on any support. we consider the entire area under the vine as if it was the base of the vines and forbid a radius of four cubits in the field on every side of the edge of the trellis. If he cannot reap [the grapes] unless he steps on a step or a ladder, it is forbidden only to sow under the trellis itself.19As would be the law if there was only one vine.
ט׳שְׁנֵי כְּתָלִים הַסְּמוּכִין זֶה לָזֶה וְהַגְּפָנִים נְטוּעִים בְּזָוִיּוֹת בֵּינֵיהֶם וְהֶעָרִיס יוֹצֵא עִם הַכְּתָלִים מִתּוֹךְ הַקֶּרֶן וְכָלֶּה. מַרְחִיק מֵעִקְּרֵי הַגְּפָנִים כַּשִּׁעוּר וְזוֹרֵעַ בְּמָקוֹם הַכָּלֶּה שֶׁאֵין עָלָיו עָרִיס. וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהַזֶּרַע מְכֻוָּן בֵּין שְׁנֵי הַכְּתָלִים שֶׁבֵּינֵיהֶן הֶעָרִיס הוֹאִיל וְהִרְחִיק כַּשִּׁעוּר הֲרֵי זֶה זוֹרֵעַ בֵּין הַכְּתָלִים:
9When there are two walls perpendicular to each other and vines are planted in the corner between them, the trellis extends outward from the corner and ends [in the midst of the area],20In his Commentary to the Mishnah (Kilayim 6:7), the Rambam depicts this situation as illustrated. Rabbenu Shimshon and the Ra'avad do not accept his interpretation. one may separate the [required] measure21Six handbreadths [the Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah (Kilayim 6:7)]. from the base of the vines and sow in the place where the trellis ends and there is no aris. Although [the crops] were sowed between two walls between which there is an aris, since he separated the required measure, he may sow [other crops] between the walls.
י׳גֶּפֶן שֶׁעָלָה הָעֵץ שֶׁלָּהּ מִן הָאָרֶץ מְעַט וְאַחַר כָּךְ נֶעֱקַם וְנִמְשָׁךְ עַל הָאָרֶץ וְחָזַר וְעָלָה כְּמוֹ אַרְכֻּבָּה. כְּשֶׁמּוֹדְדִין בֵּין הַגֶּפֶן וּבֵין הַזֶּרַע שִׁשָּׁה טְפָחִים אוֹ אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת אֵין מוֹדְדִין אֶלָּא מִסּוֹף הָאַרְכֻּבָּה לֹא מֵעִקַּר הַגֶּפֶן הָרִאשׁוֹן:
10[The following rule applies when] the trunk of a vine ascended above the ground, then became bent and extended along the earth, and then ascended like a knee. When we measure between the vine and other [crops] six handbreadths or four cubits, we measure only from the end of the portion that rises up and not from the base of the first vine.22In his Commentary to the Mishnah (Kilayim 7:1), the Rambam adds: "If [the original stem] was apparent and obvious that it is the base of the vine that became bent, we measure from the original base."
י״אכְּבָר בֵּאַרְנוּ שֶׁאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁמַּרְחִיק בֵּין הַזֶּרַע וּבֵין הַגֶּפֶן כַּשִּׁעוּר. צָרִיךְ לְהִזָּהֵר שֶׁלֹּא תְּסַכֵּךְ הַגֶּפֶן עַל הַיָּרָק אוֹ יְסַכֵּךְ הַיָּרָק עַל הַגֶּפֶן. זָרַע יָרָק אוֹ תְּבוּאָה וְצִמְחָה וְאַחַר כָּךְ סִכֵּךְ עָלֶיהָ אֶת הַגֶּפֶן הַקַּשִּׁין מֻתָּרִין וְהַדָּגָן יִדְלַק. הָיוּ שָׁרְשֵׁי הַגֶּפֶן יוֹצְאִין לְתוֹךְ הָאַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת שֶׁבֵּין הַכֶּרֶם וְהַתְּבוּאָה יַעֲקֹר. הָיוּ שָׁרְשֵׁי הַתְּבוּאָה יוֹצְאִין לְתוֹךְ הָאַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת מֻתָּר:
11We have already explained23Chapter 6, Halachah 11. that although one makes the required separation between the [other crops] sown and the vine, it is necessary to be careful that the vine will not provide shade for the vegetables, nor may the vegetables provide shade for the vine. If one sowed vegetables or grain and they grew and afterwards draped a vine over them, the straw [of the crops] are permitted,24For they were produced before the vines were introduced (Radbaz; see Chapter 5, Halachah 13). but the grain must be burnt. If the roots of the vine emerged in the four cubits between the vineyard and grain, they must be uprooted. If the roots of the grain emerge within these four cubits, it is permitted.
י״בכָּל הַהַרְחָקוֹת וְהַשִּׁעוּרִין הָאֲמוּרִין בְּכִלְאַיִם בְּאַמָּה בַּת שִׁשָּׁה טְפָחִים שׂוֹחֲקוֹת. וְלֹא יְצַמְצֵם בְּמִדּוֹת הַכִּלְאַיִם שֶׁאֵין מְצַמְצְמִים אֶלָּא לְהַחֲמִיר:
12All of the separations and required measures that are mentioned with regard to kilayim are measured in cubits that are six ample handbreadths.25I.e., that one's fingers are not tightly pressed together, but held in a manner that allows air to pass between them [the Rambam's Commentary to the Mishnah (Eruvin 1:1)]. See also Hilchot Shabbat 17:36. One should not be constricted in measuring [the forbidden] areas with regard to kilayim. For one should only constrict measurements when being stringent.26See Chapter 7, Halachah 2.
י״גכָּל הַשִּׁעוּרִין הָאֵלּוּ שֶׁמַּרְחִיקִין בֵּין הַגְּפָנִים וְהַתְּבוּאָה אוֹ הַיָּרָק אֵינָן אֶלָּא בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל אוֹ בְּסוּרְיָא. אֲבָל בְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ מֻתָּר לִזְרֹעַ בְּצַד הַגְּפָנִים בְּתוֹךְ הַכֶּרֶם לְכַתְּחִלָּה. וְלֹא אָסְרוּ בְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ אֶלָּא לִזְרֹעַ שְׁנֵי מִינֵי יָרָק אוֹ תְּבוּאָה עִם הַחַרְצָן בְּמַפּלֶת יָד. וְאִם אָמַר לְתִינוֹק נָכְרִי לִזְרֹעַ לוֹ בְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ מֻתָּר. אֲבָל לֹא יֹאמַר לְנָכְרִי גָּדוֹל שֶׁלֹּא יִתְחַלֵּף בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל:
13All of the measures in which separations are made between vines and grain or vegetables apply only in Eretz Yisrael27Where the prohibitions against mixed species apply according to Scriptural Law. or in Syria.28Which in certain contexts is considered as Eretz Yisrael (see Hilchot Terumot 1:3-4) and where they apply according to Rabbinic Law. But in the Diaspora, it is permitted to sow [other crops] at the side of vines29Among the vines themselves, however, it is forbidden to sow, even in the Diaspora (Kessef Mishneh). in a vineyard at the outset. In the Diaspora, it was forbidden only to sow two types of vegetables or grain and grape seeds in one handful.If one tells a gentile child30One may not, however, ask a Jewish child to perform such an activity, lest he become habituated to transgression (Shabbat 139a). to sow [such a mixture] for him in the Diaspora, it is permitted.31The Turei Zahav 296:21 rules that even at the outset, it is permitted to ask a gentile child to do this. One should not, however, make such a statement to an adult, lest one also do so with a Jew.
י״דוְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁמֻּתָּר לִזְרֹעַ הַיָּרָק בְּצַד הַכֶּרֶם בְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ הֲרֵי אוֹתוֹ הַיָּרָק הַזָּרוּעַ שָׁם אָסוּר בַּאֲכִילָה וַאֲפִלּוּ בְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ. וְהוּא שֶׁיִּרְאֶה אוֹתוֹ לוֹקֵט וּמוֹכֵר. אֲבָל סְפֵקוֹ מֻתָּר כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ בְּהִלְכוֹת מַאֲכָלוֹת אֲסוּרוֹת:
14Although it is permitted to sow vegetables at the side of a vineyard in the Diaspora, the vegetable that is sown there is forbidden to be eaten, even in the Diaspora.32The Kessef Mishneh quotes Rabbenu Asher as differing with this ruling and permitting the vegetables to be eaten. The Shulchan Aruch (Yoreh De'ah 296:69) follows the Rambam's ruling, while the Rama follows that of Rabbenu Asher. [This applies] provided one sees the owner harvest it and sell it. If, however, one is in doubt whether [the produce comes from there], it is permitted,33The conclusion of the tractate Orlah relates that if vegetables are being sold outside a vineyard in the Diaspora, one may purchase them provided one does not see them being harvested. as we explained in Hilchot Ma'achalot Assurot.34Hilchot Ma'achalot Assurot 10:6-8.