Chumashחומש

ויתן אל משה וגו'. אֵין מֻקְדָּם וּמְאֻחָר בַּתּוֹרָה – מַעֲשֵׂה הָעֵגֶל קֹדֶם לְצִוּוּי מְלֶאכֶת הַמִּשְׁכָּן יָמִים רַבִּים הָיָה – שֶׁהֲרֵי בְי"ז בְּתַמּוּז נִשְׁתַּבְּרוּ הַלּוּחוֹת, וּבְיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים נִתְרַצָּה הַקָּבָּ"ה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, וּלְמָחֳרָת הִתְחִילוּ בְנִדְבַת הַמִּשְׁכָּן וְהוּקַם בְּאֶחָד בְּנִיסָן (תנחומא):

ויתן אל משה וגו׳ AND HE GAVE UNTO MOSES etc. — There is no “earlier” or “later” (no chronological order) in the events related in the Torah: in fact the incident of the golden calf (related in ch. 32) happened a considerable time before the command regarding the work of the Tabernacle was given (ch. 25 and the following chapters). For on the seventeenth of Tammuz were the Tablets broken (when the people were worshipping the calf) and on the Day of Atonement God became reconciled with Israel (after Moses had prayed 80 days for forgivenness; so that it is very unlikely that the command for the building of the Tabernacle should have been given before that day) and on the next day, the eleventh of Tishri (cf. Rashi on Exodus 33:11, at end of comment on ושב אל המחנה), they began to bring their contributions for the Tabernacle which was set up on the first of Nisan. (From the seventeenth of Tammuz until the eleventh of Tishri are almost three months — ימים רבים) (Midrash Tanchuma, Ki Tisa 31).

ככלתו. ככלתו כְּתִיב – חָסֵר – שֶׁנִּמְסְרָה לוֹ תּוֹרָה בְּמַתָּנָה כְּכַלָּה לֶחָתָן, שֶׁלֹּא הָיָה יָכוֹל לִלְמֹד כֻּלָּהּ בִּזְמַן מֻעָט כָּזֶה. דָּבָר אַחֵר, מַה כַּלָּה מִתְקַשֶּׁטֶת בְּכ"ד קִשּׁוּטִין – הֵן הָאֲמוּרִים בְּסֵפֶר יְשַׁעְיָה – אַף תַּלְמִיד חָכָם צָרִיךְ לִהְיוֹת בָּקִי בְּכ"ד סְפָרִים:

ככלתו WHEN HE FINISHED [SPEAKING] — The word ככלתו is written defectively (without a ו after the ל) to intimate that the Torah was handed over to Moses as a gift (note the word ויתן), complete in every respect, even as the bride (the word ככלתו is taken to be connected with “כלה”, bride) is handed over to the bridegroom completely equipped with all she requires — for in a period brief as this which Moses spent on the mountain, he must have been unable to learn in its entirety every law to be derived from it. Another explanation why the word is written defective is: just as a bride (כלה) bedecks herself with 24 ornaments — those which are mentioned in the book of Isaiah (ch. 3) — so a scholar (תלמיד חכם) ought to be thoroughly versed in the contents of the 24 books of Scripture (Midrash Tanchuma, Ki Tisa 16).

לדבר אתו. הַחֻקִּים וְהַמִּשְׁפָּטִים שֶׁבִּוְאֵלֶּה הַמִּשְׁפָּטִים:

לדבר אתו TO SPEAK WITH HIM the statutes and the judgments contained in the section beginning with ואלה המשפטים (ch. Exodus 21 ff.).

לדבר אתו. מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהָיָה מֹשֶׁה שׁוֹמֵעַ מִפִּי הַגְּבוּרָה וְחוֹזְרִין וְשׁוֹנִין אֶת הַהֲלָכָה שְׁנֵיהֶם יַחַד:

לדבר אתו TO SPEAK “WITH” HIM — The use of the word אתו “with him” teaches us that Moses first heard the laws from the mouth of the Almighty and that then they both again repeated each Halacha together (Exodus Rabbah 41:5).

לחת. לחת כְּתִיב שֶׁהָיוּ שְׁתֵּיהֶן שָׁווֹת (שם):

לחת TABLETS — The word is written defectively לחת (without a ו between ח and ת), thus intimating that they were both alike in every respect (Exodus Rabbah 41:6).

כי בשש משה. כְּתַרְגּוּמוֹ, לְשׁוֹן אִחוּר, וְכֵן בֹּשֵׁשׁ רִכְבּוֹ (שופטים ה'), וַיָּחִילוּ עַד בּוֹשׁ (שם ג'); כִּי כְּשֶׁעָלָה מֹשֶׁה לָהָר אָמַר לָהֶם לְסוֹף אַרְבָּעִים יוֹם אֲנִי בָא בְּתוֹךְ שֵׁשׁ שָׁעוֹת, כִּסְבוּרִים הֵם שֶׁאוֹתוֹ יוֹם שֶׁעָלָה מִן הַמִּנְיָן הוּא, וְהוּא אָמַר לָהֶם שְׁלֵמִים – אַרְבָּעִים יוֹם וְלֵילוֹ עִמּוֹ – וְיוֹם עֲלִיָּתוֹ אֵין לֵילוֹ עִמּוֹ, שֶׁהֲרֵי בְז' בְּסִיוָן עָלָה, נִמְצָא יוֹם אַרְבָּעִים בְּשִׁבְעָה עָשָׂר בְּתַמּוּז. בְּי"ו בָּא שָׂטָן וְעִרְבֵּב אֶת הָעוֹלָם, וְהֶרְאָה דְּמוּת חֹשֶׁךְ וַאֲפֵלָה וְעִרְבּוּבְיָה, לוֹמַר וַדַּאי מֵת מֹשֶׁה לְכָךְ בָּא עִרְבּוּבְיָא לָעוֹלָם, אָמַר לָהֶם מֵת מֹשֶׁה, שֶׁכְּבָר בָּאוּ שֵׁשׁ שָׁעוֹת וְלֹא בָּא וְכוּ' כִּדְאִיתָא בְמַסֶּכֶת שַׁבָּת (דף פ"ט); וְאִי אֶפְשָׁר לוֹמַר שֶׁלֹא טָעוּ אֶלָּא בְּיוֹם הַמְעֻנָּן בֵּין קֹדֶם חֲצוֹת בֵּין לְאַחַר חֲצוֹת, שֶׁהֲרֵי לֹא יָרַד מֹשֶׁה עַד יוֹם הַמָּחֳרָת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר וַיַּשְׁכִּימוּ מִמָּחֳרָת וַיַּעֲלוּ עֹלֹת:

כי בשש משה [AND WHEN THE PEOPLE SAW] THAT MOSES DELAYED LONG — Understand (בשש as the Targum does, as an expression denoting “lateness”.. Similar are: (Judges 5:28) “[Why is] his chariot so long (בשש) [in coming]?”; (Judges 3:25) “And they waited until it was late (עד בוש)”. For when Moses ascended the mountain he said to them (to the Israelites): at the end of a period of forty days (i. e. on the fortieth day) I shall return during the first six hours of the day (before noon). They thought that the day on which he ascended the mountain (the seventh of Sivan) was to be included in this number (thus — Sivan having 30 days — he was expected back before noon on the sixteenth of Tammuz). In fact, however, he had said to them “after forty days” meaning complete days — forty days, each day together with its night that precedes it — (as is the customary Jewish reckoning; cf. Genesis 1:5: ויהי ערב ויהי בקר). Now, as regards the day of this ascent, its night was not part of it that it can be reckoned as a complete day, for he ascended on the seventh of Sivan early in the morning (cf. Rashi on Exodus 19:3); it follows therefore that the fortieth day really fell on the seventeenth of Tammuz and not as the people had believed on the sixteenth. On the sixteenth of Tammuz Satan came and threw the world into confusion, giving it the appearance of darkness, gloom and disorder that people should say: “Surely Moses is dead, and that is why confusion has come into the world!” He said to them, “Yes, Moses is dead, for six hours (noon) has already come (בשש = ‎בא שש) and he has not returned etc.” — as is related in Treatise Shabbat 89a (cf. Rashi and Tosafot there and Tosafot on Bava Kamma 82a ד"ה כדי). One cannot, however, say that they erred only on account of it being a cloudy day, their mistake consisting in not being able to distinguish between forenoon and afternoon, and that thus they were correct in their supposition that he was to return on the sixteenth of Tammuz; for this assumes that he really returned on the day when they made the calf, but that they were under the impression that noon was past — for, as a matter of fact, Moses did not come down until the following day (the day after they had made the calf), for it is said (v. 6) “And they rose up early in the morrow, and brought up burnt offerings”— and only after wards the Lord said to Moses (v. 7) “Go, go down; for thy people … have corrupted themselves”.

אשר ילכו לפנינו. אֱלוֹהוֹת הַרְבֵּה אִוּוּ לָהֶם (סנהדרין ס"ג):

אשר ילכו לפנינו [MAKE US GODS] WHICH SHALL GO BEFORE US — They wished to have many gods (the words אלהים is to be taken as plural since the verb ילכו is plural; cf. Sanhedrin 63a).

כי זה משה האיש. כְּמִין דְּמוּת מֹשֶׁה הֶרְאָה לָהֶם הַשָּׂטָן, שֶׁנּוֹשְׂאִים אוֹתוֹ בַּאֲוִיר רְקִיעַ הַשָּׁמָיִם (שבת פ"ט):

כי זה משה האיש FOR AS FOR THIS MOSES — This Moses implies that Satan showed them something that looked like Moses being carried on a bier in the air high above in the skies (cf. Shabbat 89a).

אשר העלנו מארץ מצרים. וְהָיָה מוֹרֶה לָנוּ דֶּרֶךְ אֲשֶׁר נַעֲלֶה בָּהּ, עַתָּה צְרִיכִין אָנוּ לֶאֱלוֹהוֹת אֲשֶׁר יֵלְכוּ לְפָנֵינוּ:

אשר העלנו מארץ מצרים [THAT MAN] THAT BROUGHT US UP OUT OF THE LAND OF EGYPT, and who used to show us the way we had to go; now that he is dead we need gods which shall go before us.

באזני נשיכם. אָמַר אַהֲרֹן בְּלִבּוֹ: הַנָּשִׁים וְהַיְלָדִים חָסִים עַל תַּכְשִׁיטֵיהֶן, שֶׁמָּא יִתְעַכֵּב הַדָּבָר וּבְתוֹךְ כָּךְ יָבֹא מֹשֶׁה, וְהֵם לֹא הִמְתִּינוּ וּפָרְקוּ מֵעַל עַצְמָן:

באזני נשיכם [BREAK OFF THE GOLDEN PENDANTS], WHICH ARE IN THE EARS OF YOUR WIVES — Aaron said to himself: women and children have a love for their ornaments; perhaps the matter will be delayed because they will hesitate to give their ornaments, and in the meantime Moses may arrive. They (the men), however, did not wait until the women and children made up their minds but they took the ornaments off themselves (cf. v. 3: they took off the pendants which were in their ears; there is no reference to the pendants belonging to the women) (Midrash Tanchuma, Ki Tisa 21).

פרקו. לְשׁוֹן צִוּוּי, מִגִּזְרַת פָּרֵק לְיָחִיד, כְּמוֹ בָּרְכוּ מִגִּזְרַת בָּרֵךְ:

פרקו is an imperative plural derived from פרק which is used for the singular, just as בָּרְכוּ is derived from בָּרֵךְ‎ (פרקו and ברכו are both masculine imperative Piel).

ויתפרקו. לְשׁוֹן פְּרִיקַת מַשָּׂא, כְּשֶׁנְטָלוּם מֵאָזְנֵיהֶם נִמְצְאוּ הֵם מְפֹרָקִים מִנִּזְמֵיהֶם, דישקריי"ר בְּלַעַז:

ויתפרקו AND [ALL THE PEOPLE] BRAKE OFF — פרק is a term denoting “unloading a burden”. Being a transitive verb one would expect ויפרקו instead of the reflexive form ויפרקו but when they took them (the pendants) off their ears they themselves became unloaded from their pendants and therefore ויתפרקו “they unloaded themselves”, is the appropriate word to use; décharger in old French, English discharge.

את נזמי. כְּמוֹ מִנִּזְמֵי, כְּמוֹ כְּצֵאתִי אֶת הָעִיר (שמות ט') – מִן הָעִיר:

את נזמי is the same as מנזמי, (they unloaded themselves from their pendants), (את having the same meaning as מן), similar to (Exodus 9:29) “As soon as I am gone out את העיר”, which means מן העיר, from the city.

ויצר אתו בחרט. יֵשׁ לְתַרְגְּמוֹ בִשְׁנֵי פָנִים, הָאֶחָד וַיָּצַר – לְשׁוֹן קְשִׁירָה, בַּחֶרֶט – לְשׁוֹן סוּדָר, כְּמוֹ וְהַמִּטְפָּחוֹת וְהָחֲרִיטִים (ישעיהו ג'), וַיָּצַר כִּכְּרַיִם כֶּסֶף בִּשְׁנֵי חֲרִטִים (מלכים ב ה'), וְהַשֵּׁנִי וַיָּצַר – לְשׁוֹן צוּרָה, בַּחֶרֶט – כְּלֵי אֻמָּנוּת הַצּוֹרְפִין שֶׁחוֹרְצִין וְחוֹרְתִין בּוֹ צוּרוֹת בְּזָהָב, כְּעֵט סוֹפֵר הַחוֹרֵת אוֹתִיּוֹת בְּלוּחוֹת וּפִנְקָסִין, כְּמוֹ וּכְתֹב עָלָיו בְּחֶרֶט אֱנוֹשׁ (ישעיהו ח'), וְזֶהוּ שֶׁתִּרְגֵּם אֻנְקְלוֹס וְצַר יָתֵיהּ בְּזִיפָא, לְשׁוֹן זִיּוּף, הוּא כְּלִי אֻמָּנוּת שֶׁחוֹרְצִין בּוֹ בְּזָהָב אוֹתִיּוֹת וּשְׁקֵדִים, שֶׁקּוֹרִין בְּלַעַז ניי"ל, וּמְזַיְּפִין עַל יָדוֹ חוֹתָמוֹת:

ויצר אתו בחרט — One can translate this in two ways. The one is: to take ויצר in the sense of “tying up” (Hiphil of צרר) and בחרט in the sense of “a garment”, similar to (Isaiah 3:22) “and the mantles and the scarfs (והחריטים)”; ‎(2 Kings 5:23) “and bound (ויצר) two talents of silver in two cloths (חריטים)”. The other way is: to take ויצר in the sense of “forming figures” (Hiphil of צור) and חרט as denoting goldsmiths’ tool with which they engrave and cut figures into gold, like a writer’s stylus that incises letters on boards and tablets, as we find it in, (Isaiah 8:1) ‘‘[Take a great roll] and write on it with a man’s pen (חרט)”. This (the second explanation) is what Onkelos means when he renders the passage by וצר יתיה בזיפא and he formed it with a “זיפא”, a term which is connected with the word זיוף “forgery”. It is a tool with which letters and modelled figures are engraved in gold — a kind of work which they term niel in old French (cf. Rashi and our Note on Exodus 25:33), and by means of which seals are forged (מזיפין)‎.

עגל מסכה. כֵּיוָן שֶׁהִשְׁלִיכוֹ לָאוּר בְּכוּר, בָּאוּ מְכַשְּׁפֵי עֵרֶב רַב שֶׁעָלוּ עִמָּהֶם מִמִּצְרַיִם וַעֲשָׂאוּהוּ בִכְשָׁפִים; וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים מִיכָה הָיָה שָׁם, שֶׁיָּצָא מִתּוֹךְ דִּמּוֹסֵי בִּנְיָן שֶׁנִּתְמַעֵךְ בּוֹ בְּמִצְרַיִם, וְהָיָה בְיָדוֹ שֵׁם וְטַס שֶׁכָּתַב בּוֹ מֹשֶׁה "עֲלֵה שׁוֹר" "עֲלֵה שׁוֹר" לְהַעֲלוֹת אֲרוֹנוֹ שֶׁל יוֹסֵף מִתּוֹךְ נִילוּס – וְהִשְׁלִיכוֹ לְתוֹךְ הַכּוּר וְיָצָא הָעֵגֶל (תנחומא):

עגל מסכה A MOLTEN CALF — As soon as he (Aaron) had thrown it (the gold) into the fire in a melting pot the magicians amongst the mixed multitude who had come up with them from Egypt came and made it (the golden calf) by their magic art. There are some who say that Micah the idolator mentioned in Judges ch. 17, was there, who had been drawn forth from the foundations of a building in Egypt where he was nearly crushed. He had in his possession a “supernatural name” (שם) and a plate upon which Moses had written: “Come up, ox, come up, ox!” in order to raise the coffin of Joseph who is compared to an ox (cf. Deuteronomy 33:17) out of the Nile, and he cast it (the plate) into the melting pot and the calf (the young ox) came out (ויצא העגל הזה) (Midrash Tanchuma, Ki Tisa 19).

מסכה. לְשׁוֹן מַתֶּכֶת; דָּ"אַ קכ"ה קַנְטְרִין זָהָב הָיוּ בוֹ כְּגִימַטְרִיָּא שֶׁל מַסֵּכָה (שם):

מסכה MOLTEN is a term connected with מתכת, molten metal (ס and ת being interchanged in these words). Another explanation is: there were used in it (for making the golden calf) 125 talents of gold, corresponding to the numerical value of מסכה, which is 125 (Midrash Tanchuma, Ki Tisa 19).

אלה אלהיך. וְלֹא נֶאֱמַר אֵלֶּה אֱלֹהֵינוּ, מִכָּאן שֶׁעֵרֶב רַב שֶׁעָלוּ מִמִּצְרַיִם הֵם שֶׁנִּקְהֲלוּ עַל אַהֲרֹן וְהֵם שֶׁעֲשָׂאוּהוּ, וְאַחַר כָּךְ הִטְעוּ אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל אַחֲרָיו (שם):

אלה אלהיך THESE ARE THY GODS, [O ISRAEL] — It does not state that they said “these are our gods, [O Israel]”; hence we may learn that it was the mixed multitude which came up from Egypt that gathered themselves together against Aaron, and it was they who made it and afterwards led Israel astray after it (Midrash Tanchuma, Ki Tisa 19).

וירא אהרן. שֶׁהָיָה בוֹ רוּחַ חַיִּים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בְּתַבְנִית שׁוֹר אֹכֵל עֵשֶׂב (תהלים ק"ו), וְרָאָה שֶׁהִצְלִיחַ מַעֲשֵׂה שָׂטָן וְלֹא הָיָה לוֹ פֶּה לִדְחוֹתָם לְגַמְרֵי:

וירא אהרן AND WHEN AARON SAW that there was the breath of life in it — as it is said with reference to the golden calf, (Psalms 106:20) “[They changed their glory] into a similitude of an ox that ate grass” — and he realized that Satan’s work had succeeded and that he had no argument (lit., mouth) to put them (the people) entirely off.

ויבן מזבח. לִדְחוֹתָם:

ויבן מזבח HE BUILDED AN ALTAR to put them off.

ויקרא חג לה' מחר. וְלֹא הַיּוֹם, שֶׁמָּא יָבֹא מֹשֶׁה קֹדֶם שֶׁיַּעַבְדוּהוּ, זֶהוּ פְּשׁוּטוֹ; וּמִדְרָשׁוֹ, בְּוַיִּקְרָא רַבָּה, דְּבָרִים הַרְבֵּה רָאָה אַהֲרֹן – רָאָה חוּר בֶּן אֲחוֹתוֹ שֶׁהָיָה מוֹכִיחָם וַהֲרָגוּהוּ, וְזֶהוּ וַיִּבֶן מִזְבֵּחַ לְפָנָיו – וַיָּבֶן מִזָּבוּחַ לְפָנָיו – וְעוֹד רָאָה וְאָמַר מוּטָב שֶׁיִּתָּלֶה בִי הַסֵּרָחוֹן וְלֹא בָהֶם, וְעוֹד רָאָה וְאָמַר אִם הֵם בּוֹנִים אֶת הַמִּזְבֵּחַ, זֶה מֵבִיא צְרוֹר וְזֶה מֵבִיא אֶבֶן וְנִמְצֵאת מְלַאכְתָּן עָשׂוּי בְּבַת אַחַת, מִתּוֹךְ שֶׁאֲנִי בוֹנֶה אוֹתוֹ וַאֲנִי מִתְעַצֵּל בִּמְלַאכְתִּי, בֵּין כָּךְ וּבֵין כָּךְ מֹשֶׁה בָא:

ויקרא חג לה׳ מחר AND CALLED OUT … TO-MORROW IS A FESTIVAL TO THE LORD — to-morrow, not to-day, for he hoped that Moses might return before they would worship it (the calf). This is the plain meaning of the verse. The Midrashic explanation of it in Leviticus Rabbah 10:3 (— it supplies an object to the verb וירא —) is: Aaron saw many things; he saw Hur, his sister’s son, who had reprimanded them, and whom they had killed. This is the meaning of ויבן מזבח, viz., וַיָבֶן, he realized (taking the word as from the root בון, to understand, to realize) מִזָּבוּחַ לפניו from him who lay slaughtered before him (מזבח is vowelled to be read as מִזָּבוּחַ) what would happen to him if he offered resistance. A further explanation of וירא אהרן in the Midrash is: He saw what the situation was and said: It is better that the offence should attach itself to me than to them. And yet a further Midrashic explanation of וירא is: He looked into the matter and said: If they build this altar themselves, one will bring a clod and another a stone and the result will be that their work will be accomplished all at once; through myself building it and being dilatory in my work, in the meantime Moses may come.

חג לה'. בְּלִבּוֹ הָיָה לַשָּׁמַיִם, בָּטוּחַ הָיָה שֶׁיָּבֹא מֹשֶׁה וְיַעַבְדוּ אֶת הַמָּקוֹם:

חג לה׳ A FESTIVAL TO THE LORD — not to the golden calf. In his heart it (the feast) was for Heaven (the Lord). He felt confident that Moses would return by the morrow and that they would worship the Omnipresent (Leviticus Rabbah 10:3).

וישכימו. הַשָּׂטָן זֵרְזָם, כְּדֵי שֶׁיֶּחֶטְאוּ:

וישכימו AND THEY ROSE UP EARLY [IN THE MORNING] — Satan made them zealous in order that they might sin, for later on in the forenoon Moses actually came down from the mountain.

לצחק. יֵשׁ בְּמַשְׁמַע הַזֶּה גִּלּוּי עֲרָיוֹת, כְּמוֹ שֶׁנֶּ' לְצַחֶק בִּי (בראשית ל"ט), וּשְׁפִיכוּת דָּמִים, כְּמוֹ שֶׁנֶּ' יָקוּמוּ נָא הַנְּעָרִים וִישַׂחֲקוּ לְפָנֵינוּ (שמואל ב ב'), אַף כָּן נֶהֱרַג חוּר (שמות רבה):

לצחק TO PLAY — There is implied in this term besides idolatry also sexual immorality, — as we find the word used in, (Genesis 39:17) “to mock (לצחק) me” where unchastity is meant as is evident from the context — and blood-shed, as it is said, (II Samuel 2:14) “Let the young men arise and play (וישחקו) before me; [and they caught every one his fellow by the head and thrust his sword in his fellows side]”— here, too, Hur was assassinated (Midrash Tanchuma 3:9:20).

וידבר. לְשׁוֹן קֹשִׁי הוּא, כְּמוֹ וַיְדַבֵּר אִתָּם קָשׁוֹת (בראשית מ"ב):

וידבר AND [THE LORD] SAID — This term דבר when not followed by a word of the root אמר implies censorious speech, as (Genesis 42:7) “And he spake (וידבר) roughly (קשות) unto them”.

לך רד. מִגְּדֻלָּתְךָ – לֹא נָתַתִּי לְךָ גְּדֻלָּה אֶלָּא בִשְׁבִילָם (ברכות ל"ב), בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה נִתְנַדָּה מֹשֶׁה מִפִּי בֵית דִּין שֶׁל מַעְלָה (תנחומא):

לך רד GO, GO DOWN from your high position; I have given you distinction only for their sake! (Berakhot 32a). At that moment Moses was excommunicated by a decree of the heavenly court (Midrash Tanchuma, Ki Tisa 22).

שחת עמך. שִׁחֵת הָעָם לֹא נֶאֱמַר, אֶלָּא עַמְּךָ – עֵרֶב רַב שֶׁקִּבַּלְתָּ מֵעַצְמְךָ וְגִיַּרְתָּם וְלֹא נִמְלַכְתָּ בִּי, וְאָמַרְתָּ טוֹב שֶׁיִּדְבְּקוּ גֵרִים בַּשְּׁכִינָה – הֵם שִׁחֲתוּ וְהִשְׁחִיתוּ (שמות רבה):

שחת עמך THY PEOPLE HAVE CORRUPTED THEMSELVES — It does not say the people have corrupted but “thy” people — the mixed multitude whom you received of your own accord and accepted as proselytes without consulting Me. You thought it a good thing that proselytes should be attached to the Shechina — now they have corrupted themselves and have corrupted others (Exodus Rabbah 42:6).

קשה ערף. מַחֲזְרִין קְשִׁי עָרְפָּם לְנֶגֶד מוֹכִיחֵיהֶם וּמְמָאֲנִים לִשְׁמֹעַ:

קשה ערף STIFF-NECKED — They turn their stiffened necks towards those who reprove them (i e. they turn their back upon them) and refuse to listen.

הניחה לי. עֲדַיִן לֹא שָׁמַעְנוּ שֶׁהִתְפַּלֵּל מֹשֶׁה עֲלֵיהֶם וְהוּא אוֹמֵר הַנִּיחָה לִּי? אֶלָּא כָּאן פָּתַח לוֹ פֶּתַח וְהוֹדִיעוֹ שֶׁהַדָּבָר תָּלוּי בּוֹ – שֶׁאִם יִתְפַּלֵּל עֲלֵיהֶם לֹא יְכַלֵּם (ברכות ל"ב):

הניחה לי LET ME ALONE — So far we have not heard that Moses had prayed on their behalf and yet He says “let Me alone!” which implies a refusal to his entreaty! But by saying this He opened the door to him (offered him a suggestion) intimating to him that if he prayed for them He would not destroy them (Shemot Rabbah 42:9; cf. also Berakhot 32a).

למה ה' יחרה אפך. כְּלוּם מִתְקַנֵּא אֶלָּא חָכָם בְּחָכָם, גִּבּוֹר בְּגִבּוֹר:

למה ה‘ יחרה אפך WHEREFORE, O LORD, DOTH THY WRATH GLOW [AGAINST THY PEOPLE] — Does anyone become jealous of another, except a wise man of a wise man or a hero of a hero?! (Avodah Zarah 55a)

והנחם. הִתְעַשֵּׁת מַחֲשָׁבָה אַחֶרֶת – לְהֵיטִיב לָהֶם

והנחם AND REPENT — form another resolution, viz., to do them good,

על הרעה. אֲשֶׁר חָשַׁבְתָּ לָהֶם:

על הרעה INSTEAD OF THE EVIL You have thought to bring upon them.

זכר לאברהם. אִם עָבְרוּ עַל עֲשֶׂרֶת הַדִּבְּרוֹת, אַבְרָהָם אֲבִיהֶם נִתְנַסָּה בַעֲשָׂרָה נִסְיוֹנוֹת וַעֲדַיִן לֹא קִבֵּל שְׂכָרוֹ, תְּנֵהוּ לוֹ וְיֵצְאוּ עֲשָׂרָה בַעֲשָׂרָה (תנחומא):

זכור לאברהם (lit., remember for Abraham) — If they have transgressed the Ten Commandments, their father Abraham was tried by ten trials and has not yet received his reward for them. Give it to him now — remember for him this merit — and let the ten trials he successfully withstood countervail the infringement of the Ten Commandments (Midrash Tanchuma, Ki Tisa 24; Shemot Rabbah 44:4).

לאברהם ליצחק ולישראל. אִם לִשְׂרֵפָה הֵם, זְכֹר לְאַבְרָהָם שֶׁמָּסַר עַצְמוֹ לִשָּׂרֵף עָלֶיךָ בְּאוּר כַּשְׂדִים, אִם לַהֲרִיגָה, זְכֹר לְיִצְחָק שֶׁפָּשַׁט צַוָּארוֹ לַעֲקֵדָה, אִם לְגָלוּת, זְכֹר לְיַעֲקֹב שֶׁגָּלָה לְחָרָן, וְאִם אֵינָן נִצּוֹלִין בִּזְכוּתָן, מָה אַתָּה אוֹמֵר לִי וְאֶעֱשֶה אוֹתְךָ לְגוֹי גָּדוֹל? וְאִם כִּסֵּא שֶׁל ג' רַגְלַיִם אֵינוֹ עוֹמֵד לְפָנֶיךָ בִשְׁעַת כַּעַסְךָ, קַל וָחֹמֶר לְכִסֵּא שֶׁל רֶגֶל אַחַת (ברכות ל"ב):

לאברהם ליצחק ולישראל REMEMBER FOR ABRAHAM, FOR ISAAC, AND FOR ISRAEL — If they are to be punished with death by burning, remember for Abraham his merit that he gave himself over to be burnt for Your sake (for the sanctification of the Divine Name) in Ur (in the fire) of the Chaldees; if with death by the sword, remember for Isaac the merit that he stretched forth his neck to the knife on the occasion of the “Binding”. If by exile, remember for Jacob the merit that he went into exile to Haran (leaving the paternal roof in order to fulfil his father’s command). If, however, they cannot be saved by their ancestors merit what is the good of You saying to me, “and I will make of thee a great nation”? — if a chair with three legs (the merits of the three patriarchs) cannot stand before You in the moment of Your wrath, how much the less a chair with only one leg (the merits of myself alone) (Berakhot 32a).

אשר נשבעת להם בך. לֹא נִשְׁבַּעְתָּ לָהֶם בְּדָבָר שֶׁהוּא כָּלֶה – לֹא בַשָּׁמַיִם וְלֹא בָאָרֶץ וְלֹא בֶהָרִים וְלֹא בַּגְּבָעוֹת – אֶלָּא בְךָ, שֶׁאַתָּה קַיָּם וּשְׁבוּעָתְךָ קַיֶּמֶת לְעוֹלָם, שֶׁנֶּ' בִּי נִשְׁבַּעְתִּי נְאֻם ה' (בראשית כ"ב), וּלְיִצְחָק נֶאֱמַר וַהֲקִמֹתִי אֶת הַשְּׁבוּעָה אֲשֶׁר נִשְׁבַּעְתִּי לְאַבְרָהָם אָבִיךָ (שם), וּלְיַעֲקֹב נֶאֱמַר אֲנִי אֵל שַׁדַּי פְּרֵה וּרְבֵה (שם ל"ה) – נִשְׁבַּע לוֹ בְּאֵל שַׁדַּי:

אשר נשבעת להם בך TO WHOM THOU SWAREST BY THINE OWN SELF — Thou didst not swear to them by a thing which is perishable — neither by the heavens nor by the earth, nor by the mountains, nor by the hills — but by Thy very Self, Who endurest forever and Whose oath endures for ever. For it is stated that God said to Abraham, (Genesis 22:16, 17) “By Myself have I sworn saith the Lord … [I will greatly multiply thy seed]”; to Isaac it was said, (Genesis 26:3, 4) “and I will perform the oath which I sware by Myself unto Abraham thy father … [and I will multiply thy seed]”; and to Jacob it was said, (Genesis 35:11) “I am God Almighty, be fruitful and multiply”; thus to him also God swore by Himself — by God Almighty (Shemot Rabbah 44:23).

משני עבריהם. הָיוּ הָאוֹתִיּוֹת נִקְרָאוֹת, וּמַעֲשֵׂה נִסִּים הוּא (שבת ק"ד):

משני עבריהם ON BOTH THEIR SIDES could the letters be read, and this constituted a miraculous piece of work (Shabbat 104a).

מעשה אלהים המה. כְּמַשְׁמָעוֹ – הוּא בִּכְבוֹדוֹ עֲשָׂאָן; דָּ"אַ, כְּאָדָם הָאוֹמֵר לַחֲבֵרוֹ כָּל עֲסָקָיו שֶׁל פְּלוֹנִי בִּמְלָאכָה פְּלוֹנִית, כָּךְ כָּל שַׁעֲשׁוּעָיו שֶׁל הַקָּבָּ"ה בַּתּוֹרָה:

מעשה אלהים המה [THE TABLETS WERE] THE WORK OF GOD — This means what it literally implies: God Himself (Hebrew: in His glory) made them. Another explanation (taking מעשה in the sense of “occupation”) is: Just as a man says to his fellow, “All that Mr. So-and-so occupies himself with is only with such-and-such a work”, so is the delight of the Holy One, blessed be He, confined to the Torah alone (cf. Proverbs 8:31 the whole of which chapter is taken as a description of God’s relation to the Torah) (Midrash Tanchuma, Ki Tisa 16).

חרות. לְשׁוֹן חרת וחרט אֶחָד הוּא, שְׁנֵיהֶם לְשׁוֹן חִקּוּק, אנטלי"יר בְּלַעַז:

חרות — The expressions חרת (which occurs only here in Scriptures) and חרט have the same meaning, both of them signifying engraving; entailler in old French

ברעה. בַּהֲרִיעוֹ, שֶׁהָיוּ מְרִיעִים וּשְׂמֵחִים וְצוֹחֲקִים:

ברעה means WHEN THEY WERE SHOUTING for they were shouting for joy and making merry.

אין קול ענות גבורה. אֵין קוֹל הַזֶּה נִרְאֶה קוֹל עֲנִיַּת גִּבּוֹרִים הַצּוֹעֲקִים "נִצָּחוֹן" וְלֹא קוֹל חַלָּשִׁים שֶׁצּוֹעֲקִים "וַי אָנוּסָה":

אין קול ענות גבורה IT IS NOT THE VOICE OF THE CRY OF MASTERY —This sound does not seem to be the sound of the utterance of victors who cry, “Victory!” nor is it the sound of the defeated who cry, “Alas — let me flee!”.

קול ענות. קוֹל חֵרוּפִין וְגִדּוּפִין, הַמְעַנִּין אֶת נֶפֶשׁ שׁוֹמְעָן כְּשֶׁנֶּאֱמָרִין לוֹ:

קול ענות means, the sound of blasphemy and cursing (Shemot Rabbah 41:1) which distress (עַנֵּה to vex, to grieve) the soul of him who hears them — even when they are only related to him.

וישלך מידו וגו'. אָמַר: מַה פֶּסַח שֶׁהוּא אֶחָד מִן הַמִּצְווֹת, אָמְרָה תוֹרָה כָּל בֶּן נֵכָר לֹא יֹאכַל בּוֹ (שמות י"ב), הַתּוֹרָה כֻּלָּהּ כָּאן וְכָל יִשְׂרָאֵל מְשֻׁמָּדִים וְאֶתְּנֶנָּה לָהֶם? (שבת פ"ז):

וישלך מידו AND HE CAST [THE TABLETS] OUT OF HIS HAND — He said: “What is the law regarding the Paschal lamb which is only one of the commandments? The Torah states: (Exodus 12:43) “No stranger shall eat thereof”! (cf. Rashi on that verse: a stranger means one who has enstranged himself by his doings from his Father in heaven — an apostate). “But the whole Torah is here (written on the tablets) and all the Israelites are apostates, can I possibly give it (the Torah) to them?!” (Shabbat 87a).

תחת ההר. לְרַגְלֵי הָהָר:

תחת ההר BENEATH THE MOUNTAIN — i. e. at the foot of the mountain.

ויזר. לְשׁוֹן נִפּוּץ, וְכֵן יְזֹרֶה עַל נָוֵהוּ גָפְרִית (איוב י"ח), וְכֵן כִּי חִנָּם מְזֹרָה הָרָשֶׁת (משלי א'), שֶׁזּוֹרִין בָּהּ דָּגָן וְקִטְנִיּוֹת:

ויזר AND STREWED IT — The verb זרה denotes scattering about, similar to, (Job 18:15) “Brimstone shall be scattered (יזרה) upon his habitation”; (Proverbs 1:17) “Surely in vain the net is strewn (מזורה) [in the sight of any bird]” where this expression is used because people usually bestrew it (the net) with grain and pulse.

וישק את בני ישראל. נִתְכַּוֵּן לְבָדְקָן כְּסוֹטוֹת; שָׁלֹשׁ מִיתוֹת נִדּוֹנוּ שָׁם, אִם יֵשׁ עֵדִים וְהַתְרָאָה בְּסַיִף – כְּמִשְׁפַּט אַנְשֵׁי עִיר הַנִּדַּחַת שֶׁהֵן מְרֻבִּין – עֵדִים בְּלֹא הַתְרָאָה בְּמַגֵּפָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר וַיִּגֹּף ה' אֶת הָעָם, לֹא עֵדִים וְלֹא הַתְרָאָה בְּהִדְרוֹקָן, שֶׁבְּדָקוּם הַמַּיִם וְצָבוּ בִטְנֵיהֶם (יומא ס"ו):

וישק את בני ישראל AND HE GAVE THE CHILDREN OF ISRAEL TO DRINK OF IT — He intended to put them to the test as faithless wives were tried (cf. Numbers 5:12—31) (Avodah Zarah 44a). Three different death-penalties were inflicted there: It there were witnesses to the act of idolatry and a legal warning had preceded the deed the offender was put to death by the sword (cf. vv. 27, 28) as was the regulation regarding the inhabitants of an apostate city (Deuteronomy 13:13—18) when there were many (as was the case here; a single idolator, however, was subject to the death by stoning; cf. Deuteronomy 17:2—5). If there were witnesses but there had been no caution, they were destroyed by the plague, as it is said, (v. 35) “And the Lord plagued the people”. In cases where there were neither witnesses nor warning they were punished by dropsy — for the water which Moses gave them to drink put them to the test and if they were guilty their bellies swelled (cf. Yoma 66b).

מה עשה לך העם. כַּמָּה יִסּוּרִים סָבַלְתָּ שֶׁיִּסְּרוּךָ עַד שֶׁלֹּא תָבִיא עֲלֵיהֶם חֵטְא זֶה:

מה עשה לך העם הזה WHAT DID THIS PEOPLE UNTO THEE How many pains must you have endured — it must be that they inflicted suffering on you, before you brought this sin upon them!

כי ברע הוא. בְּדֶרֶךְ רַע הֵם הוֹלְכִין תָּמִיד, וּבְנִסְיוֹנוֹת לִפְנֵי הַמָּקוֹם:

כי ברע הוא [THOU KNOWEST THE PEOPLE] THAT THEY ARE SET ON EVIL — They always go on the wrong way and with temptations, before the Omnipresent.

ואמר להם. דָּבָר אֶחָד – "לְמִי זָהָב" לְבַד – וְהֵם מִהֲרוּ וְהִתְפָּרְקוּ וַיִּתְּנוּ לִי:

ואמר להם AND I SAID UNTO THEM one single thing, — simply, “Who has any gold?” — but they hastened and broke it off from themselves and gave it to me.

ואשלכהו באש. וְלֹא יָדַעְתִּי שֶׁיֵּצֵא הָעֵגֶל הַזֶּה, וְיָצָא:

ואשלכהו באש AND I CAST IT INTO THE FIRE, and I did not know that this (i. e. this living) calf would come out, ויצא — BUT IT DID COME OUT.

פרע. מְגֻלֶּה; נִתְגַּלָּה שִׁמְצוֹ וּקְלוֹנוֹ, כְּמוֹ וּפָרַע אֶת רֹאשׁ הָאִשָּׁה (במדבר ה'):

פרע means UNCOVERED — its (the people’s) shame and disgrace were revealed; the word has the same meaning as in (Numbers 5:18) “[and the priest shall uncover (ופרע) the woman’s head”.

לשמצה בקמיהם. לִהְיוֹת לָהֶם הַדָּבָר הַזֶּה לִגְנוּת בְּפִי כָּל הַקָּמִים עֲלֵיהֶם:

לשמצה בקמיהם means, that this thing would become an ignominy for them in the mouth of all who will rise against them.

מי לה' אלי. יָבֹא אֵלַי:

מי לה' אלי means, WHOEVER IS FOR THE LORD let him come TO ME.

כל בני לוי. מִכָּאן שֶׁכָּל הַשֵּׁבֶט כָּשֵׁר (יומא ס"ו):

כל בני לוי ALL THE SONS OF LEVI — All the sons — from this we may gather that all the tribe of Levi remained worthy men (consequently “slay every man his brother” in the next verse can refer only to one who was his brother from the same mother, as explained by Rashi there) (Yoma 66b).

כה אמר וגו'. וְהֵיכָן אָמַר? זֹבֵחַ לָאֱלֹהִים יָחֳרָם (שמות כ"ב) – כָּךְ שְׁנוּיָה בִּמְכִילְתָּא:

כה אמר הי וגו׳ THUS SAITH THE LORD etc. — Where did he say so? In the command, (Exodus 22:19) “He that sacrificeth unto any god shall utterly be destroyed”. Thus is it stated in the Mechilta.

אחיו. מֵאִמּוֹ וְהוּא יִשְׂרָאֵל (יומא ס"ו):

אחיו HIS BROTHER from the same mother, but from a different father, and who was therefore an ordinary Israelite and not a Levite (Yoma 66b).

מלאו ידכם. אַתֶּם הַהוֹרְגִים אוֹתָם – בְּדָבָר זֶה תִּתְחַנְּכוּ לִהְיוֹת כֹּהֲנִים לַמָּקוֹם:

מלאו ידכם CONSECRATE YOURSELVES — You who are killing them (your own relatives) will by this very act install yourselves as priests of the Omnipresent God,

כי איש. מִכֶּם יְמַלֵּא יָדוֹ בבנו ובאחיו:

כי איש FOR EVERY MAN among you will consecrate himself בבנו ובאחיו BY HIS SON AND HIS BROTHER (by their death at his hand).

אכפרה בעד חטאתכם. אָשִׂים כֹּפֶר וְקִנּוּחַ וּסְתִימָה לְנֶגֶד חַטַּאתְכֶם, לְהַבְדִּיל בֵּינֵיכֶם וּבֵין הַחֵטְא:

אכפרה בעד חטאתכם [PERADVENTURE] I SHALL MAKE AN EXPIATION FOR YOUR SIN — i. e. I shall put an effacing and a wiping off and a covering in front of your sin, to serve as a barrier between you and your sin.

אלהי זהב. אַתָּה הוּא שֶׁגָּרַמְתָּ לָהֶם, שֶׁהִשְׁפַּעְתָּ לָהֶם זָהָב וְכָל חֶפְצָם, מַה יַּעֲשׂוּ שֶׁלֹּא יֶחֶטְאוּ? מָשָׁל לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁהָיָה מַאֲכִיל וּמַשְׁקֶה אֶת בְּנוֹ וּמְקַשְּׁטוֹ וְתוֹלֶה לוֹ כִּיס בְּצַוָּארוֹ וּמַעֲמִידוֹ בְּפֶתַח בֵּית זוֹנוֹת, מַה יַּעֲשֶׂה הַבֵּן שֶׁלֹּא יֶחֱטָא:

אלהי זהב GODS OF GOLD — Moses emphasized the word “gold” as some excuse for their sin: It is You who have caused them to do this, for You gave them gold in abundance and everything they wished; what else were they likely to do if not to sin? A parable: this may be compared to a king who provides his son with food and drink, attires him with beautiful garments and hangs a money-bag round his neck and then deliberately places him at the door of a house of ill-fame! What else is the son likely to do if not to sin!? (Berakhot 32a)

ועתה אם תשא חטאתם. הֲרֵי טוֹב – אֵינִי אוֹמֵר לְךָ מְחֵנִי, וְאִם אַיִן מְחֵנִי; וְזֶה מִקְרָא קָצָר, וְכֵן הַרְבֵּה:

ועתה אם תשא חטאתם YET NOW, IF THOU WILT FORGIVE THEIR SIN — well and good: then I do not suggest to You, “Blot me out [of Thy book], ואם אין מחני BUT IF NOT, BLOT ME OUT.” This is an elliptical sentence, the words “Well and good” being omitted; of such there are many in Scripture.

מספרך. מִכָּל הַתּוֹרָה כֻּלָּהּ, שֶׁלֹּא יֹאמְרוּ עָלַי שֶׁלֹּא הָיִיתִי כְדַאי לְבַקֵּשׁ עֲלֵיהֶם רַחֲמִים:

מספרך OF THY BOOK — of the entire book of the Torah; that people should not say about me that I was not worthy enough to pray effectively for them.

אל אשר דברתי לך. יֵשׁ כָּאן לָךְ אֵצֶל דִּבּוּר בִּמְקוֹם אֵלֶיךָ, וְכֵן לְדַבֶּר לוֹ עַל אֲדֹנִיָּהוּ (מלכים א ב׳:י״ט):

אל אשר דברתי לך OF WHICH I HAVE SPOKEN UNTO THEE — Here we have an instance of לך connected with the verb דבר being used in place of אליך (i. e. where לך actually means speaking to, not as its usual meaning it, speaking “concerning” someone or “in the interest of” someone as often pointed out by Rashi; cf. e. g., Rashi’s comment on Genesis 28:15). Similar is, (1 Kings 2:19) “to speak unto him (לדבר לו) for Adonijah” (cf. Rashi on that verse).

הנה מלאכי. וְלֹא אֲנִי:

הנה מלאכי BEHOLD, MINE ANGEL [SHALL GO BEFORE THEE] — My messenger, not Myself.

וביום פקדי וגו'. עַתָּה שָׁמַעְתִּי אֵלֶיךָ מִלְּכַלּוֹתָם יַחַד, וְתָמִיד תָּמִיד כְּשֶׁאֶפְקֹד עֲלֵיהֶם עֲוֹנוֹתֵיהֶם וּפָקַדְתִּי עֲלֵיהֶם מְעַט מִן הֶעָוֹן הַזֶּה עִם שְׁאָר הָעֲוֹנוֹת; וְאֵין פֻּרְעָנוּת בָּאָה עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁאֵין בָּהּ קְצָת מִפִּרְעוֹן עֲוֹן הָעֵגֶל (סנהדרין ק"ב):

וביום פקדי וגו׳ AND IN THE DAY WHEN I VISIT [I WILL VISIT THEIR SIN UPON THEM] — At present I listen to you and will refrain from consuming them all at once — but ever and ever throughout the ages, when I am visiting them for their sins I shall visit them at the same time for a little of this sin in addition to their other sins for which I am then punishing them. Indeed no punishment ever comes upon Israel in which there is not part payment for the sin of the golden calf (cf. Sanhedrin 102a).

ויגף ה' את העם. מִיתָה בִידֵי שָׁמַיִם לְעֵדִים בְּלֹא הַתְרָאָה:

ויגף ה' את העם AND THE LORD PLAGUED THE PEOPLE — This was death inflicted by the heavenly Judge on those to whose offence there had been witnesses but no legal caution (cf. Rashi on v. 20).

לך עלה מזה. אֶֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל גְּבוֹהָה מִכָּל הָאֲרָצוֹת, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר עֲלֵה; דָּ"אַ, כְּלַפֵּי שֶׁאָמַר לוֹ בִּשְׁעַת הַכַּעַס "לֶךְ רֵד" אָמַר לוֹ בִּשְׁעַת רָצוֹן "לֵךְ עֲלֵה" (תנחומא):

לך עלה מזה GO, GO UP HENCE — The land of Israel is situated higher than all the other neighbouring lands, therefore it said “go up” (Zevachim 54b). Another explanation is: As a compensation for what He had said to him (Moses) in a time of anger, (Exodus 32:7) “Go, go down”, He now said to him, at a time of good-will, “Go, go up”.

אתה והעם. כָּאן לֹא נֶאֱמַר וְעַמְּךָ:

אתה והעם THOU AND THE PEOPLE [WHICH THOU HAST BROUGHT UP] — Here — (in contrast to Exodus 32:7) it does not say “and thy people” (the mixed multitude which thou, of thine own accord, hast brought up from Egypt) (Midrash Tanchuma 3:9:26).

וגרשתי את הכנעני וגו'. ו' אֻמּוֹת הֵם וְהַגִּרְגָּשִׁי עָמַד וּפָנָה מִפְּנֵיהֶם מֵאֵלָיו (תלמוד ירושלמי שביעית ו'):

וגרשתי את הכנעני וגו׳ AND I WILL DRIVE OUT THE CANAANITE etc. — These are only six nations whilst in Deuteronomy 7:1 seven such are mentioned! But the Girgashites, the seventh, arose and emigrated of their own accord from before them (the Israelites) and therefore are not mentioned here amongst those who were driven out (Jerusalem Talmud Shevi'it 6:2; Leviticus Rabbah 17:6).

אל ארץ זבת חלב ודבש. אֲנִי אוֹמֵר לְךָ לְהַעֲלוֹתָם:

ארץ זבת חלב ודבש UNTO A LAND FLOWING WITH MILK AND HONEY do I bid you to bring them up.

כי לא אעלה בקרבך. לְכָךְ אֲנִי אוֹמֵר לְךָ וְשָׁלַחְתִּי לְפָנֶיךָ מַלְאָךְ:

כי לא אעלה בקרבך BECAUSE I WILL NOT GO UP AMONG THEE, therefore I say to thee, I will send an angel before thee.

כי עם קשה ערף אתה. וּכְשֶׁשְּׁכִינָתִי בְקִרְבְּכֶם וְאַתֶּם מַמְרִים בִּי, מַרְבֶּה אֲנִי עֲלֵיכֶם זַעַם:

כי עם קשה ערף אתה FOR THOU ART A STIFF-NECKED PEOPLE, and if My Shechina were in thy midst and thou rebelledst against Me, I might become exceedingly angry with thee and destroy thee on the way.

אכלך. לְשׁוֹן כִּלָּיוֹן:

אכלך is an expression for ‘‘destroying”.

הדבר הרע. שֶׁאֵין הַשְּׁכִינָה שׁוֹרָה וּמְהַלֶּכֶת עִמָּם:

הדבר הרע THIS EVIL THING — that the Shechina would not dwell nor go with them.

איש עדיו. כְּתָרִים שֶׁנִּתְּנוּ לָהֶם בְּחוֹרֵב כְּשֶׁאָמְרוּ נַעֲשֶׂה וְנִשְׁמָע (שבת פ"ח):

איש עדיו [AND NO MAN PUT ON HIM] HIS ORNAMENT — the crowns which were given them on Horeb when they said: (Exodus 24:7) “we shall do and hearken” (Shabbat 88a).

רגע אחד אעלה בקרבך וכליתיך. אִם אֶעֱלֶה בְקִרְבְּךָ וְאַתֶּם מַמְרִים בִּי בְּקַשְׁיוּת עָרְפְּכֶם אֶזְעֹם עֲלֵיכֶם רֶגַע אֶחָד – שֶׁהוּא שִׁעוּר זַעְמוֹ, שֶׁנֶּ' חֲבִי כִמְעַט רֶגַע עַד יַעֲבָר זָעַם (ישעיהו כ"ו) – וַאֲכַלֶּה אֶתְכֶם, לְפִיכָךְ טוֹב לָכֶם שֶׁאֶשְׁלַח מַלְאָךְ:

רגע אחד אעלה בקרבך וכליתיך WERE I TO GO UP AMONG THEE ONE MOMENT, I SHOULD CONSUME THEE — If I were to go up amongst you and you rebelled against Me in your stiff-neckedness I would be angry with you but one moment — for this is the duration of His wrath (Berakhot 7a), as it is said, (Isaiah 26:20) “Hide thyself for a short moment, until the indignation be passed” — and I would consume you; therefore it is better for you that I should send an angel.

ועתה. פֻּרְעָנוּת זוֹ תִּלְקוּ מִיָּד – שֶׁתּוֹרִידוּ עֶדְיְכֶם מֵעֲלֵיכֶם:

ועתה AND NOW — This punishment shall be inflicted upon you now, at once, viz., that you should put off your ornaments from you.

ואדעה מה אעשה לך. בִּפְקֻדַּת שְׁאָר הֶעָוֹן אֲנִי יוֹדֵעַ מַה שֶּׁבְּלִבִּי לַעֲשׂוֹת לְךָ:

ואדעה מה אעשה לך AND I KNOW WHAT I SHALL DO UNTO THEE — In respect to the visitation for the remainder of the sin which still remains unpunished (cf. Rashi on Exodus 32:34) I know what is in My mind to do unto you.

את עדים מהר חורב. אֶת הָעֲדִי שֶׁהָיָה בְיָדָם מֵהַר חוֹרֵב:

את עדים מהר חורב means THEIR ORNAMENT which they possessed from (מִ, from — in consequence of what happened at) MOUNT HOREB.

ומשה. מֵאוֹתוֹ עָוֹן וָהָלְאָה,

ומשה AND MOSES, from the time of the sin and henceforth,

יקח את האהל. לְשׁוֹן הוֹוֶה הוּא – לוֹקֵחַ אָהֳלוֹ וְנוֹטֵהוּ מִחוּץ לַמַּחֲנֶה; אָמַר מְנֻדֶּה לָרַב מְנֻדֶּה לַתַּלְמִיד (תנחומא):

יקח את האהל USED TO TAKE THE TENT — יקח expresses an action continually going on — he used to take his tent and pitch it without the camp. He said, “One who has been placed under an interdict by the Master must be placed under an interdict by His disciple also” (Since God had stated that He would not dwell amongst the people, Moses, the disciple, also felt compelled to remove from their midst) (Midrash Tanchuma, Ki Tisa 27).

הרחק. אַלְפַּיִם אַמָּה, כָּעִנְיָן שֶׁנֶּ' אַךְ רָחוֹק יִהְיֶה בֵּינֵיכֶם וּבֵנָיו כְּאַלְפַּיִם אַמָּה בַּמִּדָּה (יהושע ג'):

הרחק DISTANT [FROM THE CAMP] — two thousand cubits, just as it is stated, (Joshua 3:4) Yet there shall be a space between you (the Israelites) and it (the Ark) about 2,000 cubits by measure” (Midrash Tanchuma, Ki Tisa 27).

וקרא לו. וְהָיָה קוֹרֵא לוֹ אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד, הוּא בֵּית וַעַד לִמְבַקְּשֵׁי תוֹרָה:

וקרא לו AND HE CALLED IT — This does not mean that he so named it once for all but that whenever he spoke of it he used to call it the tent of meeting, i. e. a meeting-place for those who sought instruction in the Torah.

כל מבקש ה'. מִכָּאן לִמְבַקֵּשׁ פְּנֵי זָקֵן כִּמְקַבֵּל פְּנֵי שְׁכִינָה (תנחומא):

כל מבקש ה׳ EVERY ONE WHO SOUGHT THE LORD — Hence (from the fact that anyone who visited Moses is described here as “one who seeks the Lord”) we may learn that he who makes a call on (Hebrew: seeks) a scholar (זקן is a Rabbinical term for a wise man; cf. Kiddushin 32b: אין זקן אלא חכם) may be regarded as paying his respects to the Divine Presence (Midrash Tanchuma, Ki Tisa 27).

יצא אל אהל מועד. כְּמוֹ יוֹצֵא. דָּ"אַ וְהָיָה כָּל מְבַקֵּשׁ ה' – אֲפִלּוּ מַלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת כְּשֶׁהָיוּ שׁוֹאֲלִים מְקוֹם שְׁכִינָה, חַבְרֵיהֶם אוֹמְרִים לָהֶם הֲרֵי הוּא בְאָהֳלוֹ שֶׁל מֹשֶׁה:

יצא אל אהל מועד WENT OUT UNTO THE APPOINTED TENT — יֵצֵא (the imperfect) has here the meaning of יוֹצֵא (the participle: cf. Rashi on יקח וכו׳), i. e. he used to go out. Another explanation of והיה כל מבקש ה׳ is: The word כל, “every one”, implies: even the ministering angels used to go out unto the appointed tent; whenever these enquired where was the place of the Divine Glory their fellow-angels used to answer them: See, He (God) is in the tent of Moses.

והיה. לְשׁוֹן הוֹוֶה:

והיה — This expresses an action continually going on (“and it used to be”),

כצאת. מֹשֶׁה מִן הַמַּחֲנֶה לָלֶכֶת אל האהל:

כצאת משה WHEN MOSES WENT OUT from the camp in order to go אל האהל INTO THE TENT, יקומו כל העם ALL THE PEOPLE ROSE UP — they used to stand up before him and did not sit down until he vanished from their sight (Hebrew: was hidden from them).

יקומו כל העם. עוֹמְדִים מִפָּנָיו, וְאֵין יוֹשְׁבִין עַד שֶׁנִּתְכַּסָּה מֵהֶם:

והביטו אחרי משה AND THEY LOOKED AFTER MOSES — Not sneeringly but out of admiration; they exclaimed: Happy is the human being (Hebrew: one born of woman) who is so sure that the Shechina will enter the door of his tent after him (cf. Kiddushin 33b; Midrash Tanchuma, Ki Tisa 27, Exodus Rabbah 51:6).

והביטו אחרי משה. לְשֶׁבַח – אַשְׁרֵי יְלוּד אִשָּׁה שֶׁכָּךְ מֻבְטָח שֶׁהַשְּׁכִינָה תִכָּנֵס אַחֲרָיו לְפֶתַח אָהֳלוֹ:

And they would gaze after Moshe — in an admiring way, [saying, in effect:] “Fortunate is one born of woman who is assured that the Shechinah will follow him into the entranceway of his tent.”

ודבר עם משה. כְּמוֹ וּמְדַבֵּר עִם מֹשֶׁה; תַּרְגּוּמוֹ וּמִתְמַלֵּל עִם מֹשֶׁה שֶׁהוּא כְּבוֹד שְׁכִינָה, כְּמוֹ וַיִּשְׁמַע אֶת הַקּוֹל מִדַּבֵּר אֵלָיו (במדבר ז'), וְאֵינוֹ קוֹרֵא מְדַבֵּר אֵלָיו; כְּשֶׁהוּא קוֹרֵא מִדַּבֵּר, פִּתְרוֹנוֹ הַקּוֹל מִדַּבֵּר בֵּינוֹ לְבֵין עַצְמוֹ, וְהַהֶדְיוֹט שׁוֹמֵעַ מֵאֵלָיו, וּכְשֶׁהוּא קוֹרֵא מְדַבֵּר מַשְׁמַע שֶׁהַמֶּלֶךְ מְדַבֵּר עִם הַהֶדְיוֹט:

ודבר עם משה — This means the same as ומדבר עם משה AND HE USED TO SPEAK WITH MOSES (The verb ודבר expresses the idea of an action always going on as Rashi has explained the preceding verbs). The Targum renders it by ומתמלל עם משה (Hithpeal) i. e. He used to speak to Himself with (in the presence of) Moses — which is an expression of respect used with reference to the Shechinah. A similar Hebrew expression is, (Numbers 7:89) “Then he heard the voice מִדַּבֵּר to him” (= מתדבר, with assimilated ת), and it does not read there, מְדַבֵּר, “speaking to him”. Where the reading is מִדַּבֵּר its interpretation is: The voice was speaking by itself (i. e. it was not directed to any particular person) and the ordinary man naturally heard it (because he was there); but where the reading is מְדַבֵּר, it implies that the King was conversing with the ordinary man.

והשתחוו. לַשְּׁכִינָה:

והשתחוו AND THEY PROSTRATED THEMSELVES to the Shechinah.

ודבר ה' אל משה פנים אל פנים. וּמִתְמַלֵּל עִם מֹשֶׁה:

ודבר ה׳ אל משה פנים אל פנים AND THE LORD SPAKE UNTO MOSES FACE TO FACE — Here too (as in v. 9) in spite of the fact that the text states “face to face” the Targum is: ומתמלל עם משה‎.

ושב אל המחנה. לְאַחַר שֶׁנִּדְבַּר עִמּוֹ הָיָה מֹשֶׁה שָׁב אֶל הַמַּחֲנֶה וּמְלַמֵּד לַזְּקֵנִים מַה שֶּׁלָּמַד; וְהַדָּבָר הַזֶּה נָהַג מֹשֶׁה מִיּוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים עַד שֶׁהוּקַם הַמִּשְׁכָּן, וְלֹא יוֹתֵר, שֶׁהֲרֵי בְשִׁבְעָה עָשָׂר בְּתַמּוּז נִשְׁתַּבְּרוּ הַלּוּחוֹת, וּבְי"ח שָׂרַף אֶת הָעֵגֶל וְדָן אֶת הַחוֹטְאִים, וּבְי"ט עָלָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר וַיְהִי מִמָּחֳרָת וַיֹּאמֶר מֹשֶׁה אֶל הָעָם וְגוֹ' (שמות ל"ב), וְעָשָׂה שָׁם אַרְבָּעִים יוֹם וּבִקֵּשׁ רַחֲמִים, שֶׁנֶּ' וָאֶתְנַפַּל לִפְנֵי ה' וְגוֹ' (דברים ט'), וּבְרֹאשׁ חֹדֶשׁ אֱלוּל נֶאֱמַר לוֹ וְעָלִיתָ בַבֹּקֶר אֶל הַר סִינַי (שמות ל"ד), לְקַבֵּל לוּחוֹת הָאַחֲרוֹנוֹת – וְעָשָׂה שָׁם מ' יוֹם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בָּהֶם וְאָנֹכִי עָמַדְתִּי בָהָר כַּיָּמִים הָרִאשׁוֹנִים וְגוֹ' – מָה הָרִאשׁוֹנִים בְּרָצוֹן אַף הָאַחֲרוֹנִים בְּרָצוֹן, אֱמֹר מֵעַתָּה אֶמְצָעִיִּים הָיוּ בְכַעַס – בְּעֲשָׂרָה בְּתִשְׁרֵי נִתְרַצָּה הַקָּבָּ"ה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל בְּשִׂמְחָה וּבְלֵב שָׁלֵם, וְאָמַר לוֹ לְמֹשֶׁה סָלַחְתִּי, וּמָסַר לוֹ לוּחוֹת אַחֲרוֹנוֹת, וְיָרַד וְהִתְחִיל לְצַוּוֹתָם עַל מְלֶאכֶת הַמִּשְׁכָּן, וַעֲשָׂאוּהוּ עַד אֶחָד בְּנִיסָן, וּמִשֶּׁהוּקַם לֹא נִדְבַּר עִמּוֹ עוֹד אֶלָּא מֵאֹהֶל מוֹעֵד (תנחומא):

ושב אל המחנה .( AND HE RETURNED INTO THE CAMP — After God had conversed with him, Moses used to return to the camp and teach the elders what he had learned. This Moses practised from the day of Atonement until the Tabernacle was set up, but no longer. For on the seventeenth of Tammuz the tablets were broken, on the eighteenth he burnt the calf and punished the of fenders, on the nineteenth he ascended the mountain, as it is said (Exodus 32:30) “And it came to pass on the morrow (the day after he had punished the wrongdoers; cf. vv. 26—29), that Moses said unto the people”, [Ye have sinned a great sin and now I will go up to the Lord]”. There he spent forty days and sought mercy for the people, as it is said, (Deuteronomy 9:18) “And I threw myself down before the Lord [as at the first, forty days and forty nights]”. These terminated on the last day of Ab (there were 11 days from the 19th to the 29th of Tammuz therefore 29 days in Ab complete the forty) and he then returned to the people. On the first day of the New Moon of Ellul it was said to him, (Exodus 34:2) “And be ready in the morning] and go up in the morning unto mount Sinai” — to receive the second tablets. He again spent there the forty days of which it is stated, (Deuteronomy 10:10) “[And I stayed in the mountain, according to the first, days, [forty days and forty nights]”. The words כימים הראשונים, “like the first days”, cannot refer to the number of days for this is stated immediately afterwards; they are to be joined with עמדתי — I stayed in the same state as on the first days: How were the first forty days passed? In God’s good-will (because the Israelites had not yet sinned)! So, too, the last forty days were passed in God’s good-will — from which you must admit that the intervening forty days were passed in God’s anger. On the tenth of Tishri God became reconciled with Israel in joy and perfect affection and said to Moses: “I have forgiven!” and handed him over the second tablets, whereupon Moses went down and began to command them concerning the work of the Tabernacle (cf. Midrash Tanchuma, Ki Tisa 31; Seder Olam 6; Rashi on Exodus 18:13, Deuteronomy 9:18 and also Taanit 36b). They were occupied in its construction until the first of Nisan and from the time when it was set up God did not converse with him any more except from the tent of meeting.

ושב אל המחנה. תַּרְגּוּמוֹ וְתָיֵב לְמַשְׁרִיתָא, לְפִי שֶׁהוּא לְשׁוֹן הוֹוֶה, וְכֵן כָּל הָעִנְיָן, וראה כל העם – וְחָזַן, ונצבו – וְקָיְמִין, והביטו – וּמִסְתַּכְּלִין, והשתחוו – וְסָגְדִין. וּמִדְרָשׁוֹ: ודבר ה' אל משה – שֶׁיָּשׁוּב אֶל הַמַּחֲנֶה, אָמַר לוֹ אֲנִי בְכַעַס וְאַתָּה בְכַעַס, אִם כֵּן מִי יַקְרִיבֵם? (תנחומא):

ושב אל המחנה AND HE RETURNED TO THE CAMP — The translation in the Targum is: וְתָיִב למשריתא (a participle) “and he used to return to the camp”, because (as explained above) it denotes continuous action. Similarly, he translates all the verbs occuring in this section by participles: וראה כל העם he renders by ונצבו ;וחזן by והביטו ;וקימין by והשתחוו ;ומסתכלין by וסגדין. The Midrash explains ודבר ה' אל משה thus: And the Lord spake to Moses that he should return to the camp. He said to him: I am angry and you are angry; if this is to remain so, who will attract them to Me again? (cf. Midrash Tanchuma, Ki Tisa 27 and Berakhot 63b).