Positive Commandment 220 (Digest)
The Law of the Seducer
"If a man seduces a virgin..."—Exodus 22:15.
In the event that a man seduces a virgin, we are commanded to follow the pertinent laws detailed in the Torah.
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> The 220th mitzvah is that we are commanded regarding the law of a seducer.;)
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> The source of this commandment is G‑d's statement;) (exalted be He), "If a man seduces a virgin....";)
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> The details of this mitzvah are explained in the third and fourth chapters of Kesubos.
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> Footnotes
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> This refers to a case where the woman was single. If she had already received kiddushin (see first footnote to P213), the transgression would be one of adultery; see N347.
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> Ex. 22:15.
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> He must pay a fine of 50 shekels and is required to marry her. The marriage takes place only if the girl consents.
Positive Commandment 218 (Digest)
The Law of the Rapist
"She shall be his wife. . . . He may not send her away all the days of his life"—Deuteronomy 22:29.
One who rapes [a virgin] must marry the maiden [if she so desires].
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> The 218th mitzvah is that a rapist is commanded to marry his victim.;)
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> The source of this commandment is G‑d's statement;) (exalted be He), "Because he violated her, he must then take her to be his wife, and he may not send her away as long as he lives."
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> It is explained in tractate Makkos;) that the prohibition on the rapist not to divorce her, i.e., "he may not send her away," is considered "a prohibition which is preceded by a positive commandment." Our Sages stated there,;) "Why [should a rapist who marries his victim, and then divorces her, and then marries her again not receive lashes]? This is a prohibition which is preceded by a positive commandment?!" This statement demonstrates that G‑d's statement, "He must then take her as his wife," counts as a positive commandment.
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> The details of this mitzvah are explained in the third and fourth chapters of Kesubos.
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> Footnotes
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> As in P220, the marriage takes place only if she consents, and he must pay a fine.
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> Deut. 22:29.
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> 15a.
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> The Rambam now proves that this verse contains two separate mitzvos, a positive commandment (that he marry her), and a prohibition (that once he marries her, he is never allowed to divorce her).
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> The Gemara is discussing the types of prohibitions for which the punishment is lashes. When a positive commandment can "remedy" the prohibited act (lav she'nitak l'aseh), one does not receive lashes as long as that remedial act is performed. For example, there is a prohibition against leaving sacrificial meat beyond the prescribed time. Should one leave the meat too long, there is a positive commandment to burn the meat. As long as the meat can still be burned, one is not lashed for the prohibition.
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> The Gemara then postulates a distinction: perhaps this principle applies only in such a case, where the prohibition (e.g., leaving the meat) always comes before the positive act (burning it). Perhaps when the positive act can come first (called "a prohibition which is preceded by a positive commandment"), one does receive lashes.
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> This the Gemara disproves with our mitzvah, regarding which we know clearly that one does not receive lashes since he can always remarry her. It therefore asks: "[According to your reasoning,] why [should he not receive lashes]?" — being that the positive commandment comes first.
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> The point of quoting this passage is to bring the phrase, "a positive commandment," which shows that marrying her counts as a mitzvah.
Negative Commandment 358 (Digest)
Divorcing a Rape Victim
"She shall be his wife. . . . He may not send her away all the days of his life"—Deuteronomy 22:29.
As explained in Positive Commandment 218, one who rapes [a virgin] must marry the maiden [if she so desires]. He may never divorce her [without her consent].
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> The 358th prohibition is that a rapist is forbidden from divorcing the woman he raped.;)
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> The source of this commandment is G‑d's statement,;) "He must then take her to be his wife, and he may not send her away as long as he lives."
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> This prohibition is preceded by the positive commandment,;) "He must then take her as his wife." In tractate Makkos;) it is clearly explained that this is considered a "prohibition which is preceded by a positive commandment."
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> It is also said there, "A rapist who divorces his wife — if he is not a Cohen, he remarries her and does not receive lashes. If he is a Cohen, he receives lashes, and he may not remarry her [since a Cohen may not marry a divorcee].";)
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> You should keep in mind that even a non-Cohen will receive lashes for divorcing the woman he raped, if he cannot perform the remedial positive command [of remarrying her]. This would be in a case where she died before he remarried her, or she married another man after he divorced her.;) This corresponds to our principle, "If he fulfilled [the remedial positive commandment, he does not get lashes]; if he did not fulfill" [this commandment, he would receive lashes].;)
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> The details of this mitzvah are explained in the third and fourth chapters of Kesubos.
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> Footnotes
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> After he marries her — see P218 above.
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> Deut. 22:29.
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> P218.
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> 15a. See note to P218 for an explanation of this passage. It is quoted here because it uses the term, "prohibition," which indicates that it counts as one of the 365 prohibitions.
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> Since he is unable to perform the "remedial" positive commandment of remarrying her, it is not considered a lav she'nitak l'aseh. See note to P218.
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> In which case, he is forbidden from later remarrying her. See N356.
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> See Kesef Mishneh, Hilchos Sanhedrin 16:4.
Positive Commandment 219 (Digest)
The Slandering Husband
"She shall be his wife; he may not send her away all the days of his life"—Deuteronomy 22:19.
In the event that a man slanders his newly-married virgin wife, falsely accusing her of infidelity, we are commanded to follow the pertinent laws detailed in the Torah. This includes lashes for the husband, and his obligation to remain married to this wife [if she so desires].
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> The 219th mitzvah is the law of a motzi shem ra ;)and the n'suin] — that we are commanded to give him lashes, and that he remain married to her, for he also;) is instructed,;) "He must then take her as his wife, and he may not send her away as long as he lives."
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> It is explained in tractate Makkos;) that this prohibition, is like that of a rapist, i.e., it is considered a "prohibition which is preceded by a positive commandment."
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> The details of this mitzvah are explained in the third and fourth chapters of Kesubos.
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> In Jewish law, there are two steps to a marriage, kiddushin and n'suin. After the first step of kidushin, they are considered husband and wife, but they may not yet live together as such until after n'suin. During Talmudic times there was a twelve-month period between the two stages, but today they are performed together. See P213.
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> As the rapist in P218 above.
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> Deut. 22:19.
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> 15a.
Negative Commandment 359 (Digest)
Divorcing the Defamation Victim
"He may not send her away as long as he lives"—Deuteronomy 22:19.
As explained in Positive Commandment 219, a husband who slanders his newly-married virgin wife, falsely accusing her of infidelity, must remain married to the wife [if she so desires]. He may never divorce her [without her consent].
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> The 359th prohibition is that the motzi shem ra is forbidden from divorcing his wife.
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> The source of this commandment too;) is G‑d's statement,;) "he may not send her away as long as he lives."
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> This prohibition is also;) preceded by a positive command, "he must then take her as his wife."
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> Should he divorce his wife, the law regarding lashes is like that of the rapist,;) as explained in the last chapter of Makkos.;) The details of this mitzvah are explained there, and in the third and fourth chapters of Kesubos.
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> As in N358 above.
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> Deut. 22:19.
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> As in P218 above.
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> See N358 above.
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> 15a.