א׳
א׳הַחוֹבֵל בַּחֲבֵרוֹ חַיָּב לְשַׁלֵּם לוֹ חֲמִשָּׁה דְּבָרִים וְאֵלּוּ הֵם. נֵזֶק וְצַעַר וְרִפּוּי וְשֶׁבֶת וּבשֶׁת. וַחֲמִשָּׁה דְּבָרִים אֵלּוּ כֻּלָּן מִשְׁתַּלְּמִים מִן הַיָּפֶה שֶׁבִּנְכָסָיו כְּדִין כָּל הַמַּזִּיקִין:
1When a person injures a colleague, he is liable to compensate him in five ways: the damages, his pain, his medical treatment, his loss of employment and the embarrassment he suffered. All these five assessments must be paid from the highest quality of property that he owns, as is the law with regard to payment for damages.
ב׳נֵזֶק כֵּיצַד. שֶׁאִם קָטַע יַד חֲבֵרוֹ אוֹ רַגְלוֹ רוֹאִין אוֹתוֹ כְּאִלּוּ הוּא עֶבֶד נִמְכָּר בַּשּׁוּק כַּמָּה הָיָה יָפֶה [אָז] וְכַמָּה הוּא יָפֶה עַתָּה וּמְשַׁלֵּם הַפְּחָת שֶׁהִפְחִית מִדָּמָיו. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות כא כד) (ויקרא כד כ) "עַיִן תַּחַת עַיִן". מִפִּי הַשְּׁמוּעָה לָמְדוּ שֶׁזֶּה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר תַּחַת לְשַׁלֵּם מָמוֹן הוּא:
2What is meant by "the damages"? If a person cuts off the hand or the foot of a colleague, we theoretically consider the injured colleague as a servant being sold in the market place and evaluate his value before the injury and his value afterwards. The person who caused the injury must pay the depreciation in value.This is alluded to in Exodus 21:24: "An eye for an eye." The oral tradition interprets תחת, translated as "for," as an indication that the verse requires financial recompense.
ג׳זֶה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בַּתּוֹרָה (ויקרא כד כ) "כַּאֲשֶׁר יִתֵּן מוּם בָּאָדָם כֵּן יִנָּתֶן בּוֹ" אֵינוֹ לַחֲבל בָּזֶה כְּמוֹ שֶׁחָבַל בַּחֲבֵרוֹ אֶלָּא שֶׁהוּא רָאוּי לְחַסְּרוֹ אֵיבָר אוֹ לַחֲבל בּוֹ כַּאֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה וּלְפִיכָךְ מְשַׁלֵּם נִזְקוֹ. וַהֲרֵי הוּא אוֹמֵר (במדבר לה לא) "וְלֹא תִקְחוּ כֹפֶר לְנֶפֶשׁ רֹצֵחַ" לְרוֹצֵחַ בִּלְבַד הוּא שֶׁאֵין בּוֹ כֹּפֶר אֲבָל לְחֶסְרוֹן אֵיבָרִים אוֹ לְחַבָּלוֹת יֵשׁ בּוֹ כֹּפֶר:
3The Torah's statement Leviticus 24:20: "Just as he caused an injury to his fellowman, so too, an injury should be caused to him," should not be interpreted in a literal sense. It does not mean that the person who caused the injury should actually be subjected to a similar physical punishment. Instead, the intent is that he deserves to lose a limb or to be injured in the same manner as his colleague was, and therefore he should make financial restitution to him.This interpretation is supported by the verse, Numbers 35:31: "Do not accept a ransom for the soul of the murderer." Implied is that no ransom may be paid for a murderer alone, but a ransom may be paid for causing a loss of limb or other injuries.
ד׳וְכֵן זֶה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בְּחוֹבֵל בַּחֲבֵרוֹ וּמַזִּיקוֹ (דברים כה יב) "לֹא תָחוֹס עֵינֶךָ" שֶׁלֹּא תָּחוּס בְּתַשְׁלוּמִין שֶׁמָּא תֹּאמַר עָנִי הוּא זֶה וְשֶׁלֹּא בְּכַוָּנָה חָבַל בּוֹ אֲרַחֲמֶנּוּ לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר לֹא תָחוֹס עֵינֶךָ:
4Thus, the statement Deuteronomy 25:12 with regard to a person who injures a colleague and causes him damage, "Do not have compassion," means "Do not have compassion in evaluating the amount he is required to pay." You should not say, "He is poor and did not intentionally mean to injure him; therefore, I will have mercy upon him. For this reason, it is written: "Do not have compassion."
ה׳וּמִנַּיִן שֶׁזֶּה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בְּאֵיבָרִים (שמות כא כד) (ויקרא כד כ) "עַיִן תַּחַת עַיִן" תַּשְׁלוּמִין הוּא. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בּוֹ (שמות כא כה) "חַבּוּרָה תַּחַת חַבּוּרָה" וּבְפֵרוּשׁ נֶאֱמַר (שמות כא יח) "וְכִי יַכֶּה אִישׁ אֶת רֵעֵהוּ בְּאֶבֶן אוֹ בְּאֶגְרוֹף" וְגוֹ' (שמות כא יט) "רַק שִׁבְתּוֹ יִתֵּן וְרַפֹּא יְרַפֵּא". הָא לָמַדְתָּ שֶׁתַּחַת שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בְּחַבּוּרָה תַּשְׁלוּמִין. וְהוּא הַדִּין לְתַחַת הָאָמוּר בְּעַיִן וּבִשְׁאָר אֵיבָרִים:
5How do we know that the intent of the Torah's statement with regard to the loss of a limb, "An eye for an eye," is financial restitution? That same verse continues "a blow for a blow." And with regard to the penalty for a giving a colleague a blow, it is explicitly stated Exodus 21:18-19: "When a man strikes his colleague with a stone or a fist... he should pay for his being idled and for his medical expenses." Thus, we learn that the word תחת mentioned with regard to a blow indicates the necessity for financial restitution, and so one can conclude that the meaning of the same word with regard to an eye or another limb is also financial restitution.
ו׳וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁדְּבָרִים אֵלּוּ נִרְאִים מֵעִנְיַן תּוֹרָה שֶׁבִּכְתָב וְכֻלָּן מְפֹרָשִׁין הֵן מִפִּי משֶׁה רַבֵּנוּ מֵהַר סִינַי. כֻּלָּן הֲלָכָה לְמשֶׁה הֵן בְּיָדֵינוּ וְכָזֶה רָאוּ אֲבוֹתֵינוּ דָּנִין בְּבֵית דִּינוֹ שֶׁל יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וּבְבֵית דִּינוֹ שֶׁל שְׁמוּאֵל הָרָמָתִי וּבְכָל בֵּית דִּין וּבֵית דִּין שֶׁעָמְדוּ מִימוֹת משֶׁה רַבֵּנוּ וְעַד עַכְשָׁו:
6Although these interpretations are obvious from the study of the Written Law, and they are explicitly mentioned in the Oral Tradition transmitted by Moses from Mount Sinai, they are all regarded as halachot from Moses. This is what our ancestors saw in the court of Joshua and in the court of Samuel of Ramah, and in every single Jewish court that has functioned from the days of Moses our teacher until the present age.
ז׳וּמִנַּיִן שֶׁמַּזִּיק בַּחֲבֵרוֹ חַיָּב בְּצַעַר בִּפְנֵי עַצְמוֹ. שֶׁהֲרֵי נֶאֱמַר בְּאוֹנֵס (דברים כב כט) "תַּחַת אֲשֶׁר עִנָּהּ". וְהוּא הַדִּין לְכָל הַמְצַעֵר אֶת חֲבֵרוֹ בְּגוּפוֹ שֶׁהוּא חַיָּב לְשַׁלֵּם דְּמֵי הַצַּעַר:
7What is the source that teaches that a person who injures a colleague must pay independently for the pain that he caused? With regard to a maiden who has been raped Deuteronomy 22:29 states that payment is imposed: "because he oppressed her." the same law applies to anyone who causes a colleague bodily pain. He is required to give him financial recompense for the pain he caused.
ח׳וּמִנַּיִן שֶׁהוּא חַיָּב בְּשֶׁבֶת בִּפְנֵי עַצְמוֹ וְרִפּוּי בִּפְנֵי עַצְמוֹ. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות כא יט) "רַק שִׁבְתּוֹ יִתֵּן וְרַפֹּא יְרַפֵּא":
8What is the source that teaches that he is liable for the victim's unemployment expenses and medical expenses independently? It is written Exodus 21:19: "He should pay for his being idled and for his medical expenses."
ט׳וּמִנַּיִן שֶׁהוּא חַיָּב בְּבשֶׁת בִּפְנֵי עַצְמוֹ שֶׁהֲרֵי נֶאֱמַר (דברים כה יא) "וְשָׁלְחָה יָדָהּ וְהֶחֱזִיקָה בִּמְבֻשָׁיו" (דברים כה יב) "וְקַצֹּתָה אֶת כַּפָּהּ" בִּכְלַל דִּין זֶה כָּל הַמְבַיֵּשׁ:
9What is the source that teaches that he is liable for the embarrassment suffered by the victim independently? Deuteronomy 25:11-12 states: "... And she extends her hand, grabbing his private parts. You must cut off her hand." The same law applies to anyone who embarrasses another person.
י׳הַמְבַיֵּשׁ אֵינוֹ חַיָּב עַל הַבּשֶׁת עַד שֶׁיִּהְיֶה מִתְכַּוֵּן שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים כה יא) "וְשָׁלְחָה יָדָהּ". אֲבָל הַמְבַיֵּשׁ חֲבֵרוֹ בְּלֹא כַּוָּנָה פָּטוּר. לְפִיכָךְ יָשֵׁן וְכַיּוֹצֵא בּוֹ שֶׁבִּיֵּשׁ פָּטוּר:
10A person who causes embarrassment is not liable unless he acts intentionally, as implied by the phrase: "And she extends her hand." If, by contrast, a person embarrassed a colleague without intent, he is not liable. Therefore, if a person who was sleeping or the like embarrassed a colleague, he is not liable.
י״אאָדָם מוּעָד לְעוֹלָם בֵּין שׁוֹגֵג בֵּין מֵזִיד בֵּין עֵר בֵּין יָשֵׁן בֵּין שִׁכּוֹר אִם חָבַל בַּחֲבֵרוֹ אוֹ הִזִּיק מָמוֹן חֲבֵרוֹ מְשַׁלֵּם מִן הַיָּפֶה שֶׁבִּנְכָסָיו. בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים שֶׁהַיָּשֵׁן חַיָּב לְשַׁלֵּם בִּשְׁנַיִם שֶׁיָּשְׁנוּ כְּאֶחָד וְנִתְהַפֵּךְ אֶחָד מֵהֶן וְהִזִּיק אֶת חֲבֵרוֹ אוֹ קָרַע בִּגְדוֹ. אֲבָל אִם הָיָה אֶחָד יָשֵׁן וּבָא אַחֵר וְשָׁכַב בְּצִדּוֹ. זֶה שֶׁבָּא בָּאַחֲרוֹנָה הוּא הַמּוּעָד וְאִם הִזִּיקוֹ הַיָּשֵׁן פָּטוּר. וְכֵן אִם הִנִּיחַ כְּלִי בְּצַד הַיָּשֵׁן וּשְׁבָרוֹ פָּטוּר שֶׁזֶּה שֶׁהִנִּיחוֹ הוּא הַמּוּעָד שֶׁפָּשַׁע:
11A man is considered mu'ad at all times - whether acting intentionally or unintentionally, whether asleep or awake or intoxicated. If he injures a colleague or damages a colleague's property, he must always reimburse him from his choicest property.When is a person who causes damage while asleep required to make restitution? When they both went to sleep at the same time, and one turned over and injured his colleague or tore his garment. If, however, a person was sleeping and a colleague came and lay down next to him, only the one who lay down afterwards is considered mu'ad. If the person sleeping injures the one who came afterwards, he is not liable.Similarly, if a person places a utensil next to a person who is sleeping, and the one who is sleeping breaks it, he is not liable. For the one who placed the article down was the one who was mu'ad and who acted with negligence.
י״במִי שֶׁנָּפַל מִן הַגַּג בְּרוּחַ מְצוּיָה וְהִזִּיק חַיָּב בְּאַרְבָּעָה דְּבָרִים וּפָטוּר מִן הַבּשֶׁת. נָפַל בְּרוּחַ שֶׁאֵינָהּ מְצוּיָה חַיָּב בְּנֵזֶק בִּלְבַד וּפָטוּר מֵאַרְבָּעָה דְּבָרִים. וְאִם נִתְהַפֵּךְ חַיָּב בַּכּל אַף בְּבשֶׁת שֶׁכָּל הַמִּתְכַּוֵּן לְהַזִּיק אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא נִתְכַּוֵּן לְבַיֵּשׁ חַיָּב בְּבשֶׁת:
12If a person fell from a roof because of an ordinary wind and caused damage, he is liable for four assessments, but is not liable for the embarrassment he caused. If he fell because of an exceptional wind, he is liable only for the injury, but not for the other four assessments. If, however, he turned over so that he would fall on a person to soften the blow he would receive, he is liable even for the embarrassment he caused. For whenever a person intentionally causes injury, he is liable for the embarrassment he caused, even though he did not have the intent of embarrassing the other person.
י״גשְׁנַיִם שֶׁחָבְלוּ בְּאֶחָד כְּאֶחָד שְׁנֵיהֶם חַיָּבִין וּמְשַׁלְּשִׁין בֵּינֵיהֶן. הָיָה אֶחָד מִתְכַּוֵּן וְאֶחָד שֶׁאֵינוֹ מִתְכַּוֵּן זֶה שֶׁאֵינוֹ מִתְכַּוֵּן פָּטוּר מִן הַבּשֶׁת:
13When two people injure another person at the same time, they are both liable and they divide the assessment between themselves. If one of them acted intentionally and the other acted unintentionally, the one who acted unintentionally is not liable for the embarrassment that was caused.
י״דהַמִּתְכַּוֵּן לְבַיֵּשׁ אֶת הַקָּטָן וּבִיֵּשׁ אֶת הַגָּדוֹל נוֹתֵן לַגָּדוֹל דְּמֵי בָּשְׁתּוֹ שֶׁל קָטָן. נִתְכַּוֵּן לְבַיֵּשׁ הָעֶבֶד וּבִיֵּשׁ אֶת בֶּן חוֹרִין נוֹתֵן לְבֶן חוֹרִין דְּמֵי בָּשְׁתּוֹ שֶׁל עֶבֶד:
14If a person intended to embarrass a minor and instead embarrassed an adult, he is required to pay the adult what he would pay for embarrassing a minor.If a person intended to embarrass a servant and instead embarrassed a free man, he is required to pay the free man what he would pay for embarrassing a servant.
ט״והָיְתָה לוֹ אֶבֶן מֻנַּחַת בְּחֵיקוֹ בֵּין שֶׁלֹּא הִכִּיר בָּהּ מֵעוֹלָם בֵּין שֶׁהִכִּיר בָּהּ וּשְׁכָחָהּ וְעָמַד וְנָפְלָה וְהִזִּיקָה חַיָּב בְּנֵזֶק בִּלְבַד וּפָטוּר מֵאַרְבָּעָה דְּבָרִים. וְכֵן אִם נִתְכַּוֵּן לִזְרֹק שְׁתַּיִם וְזָרַק אַרְבַּע וְהִזִּיק אוֹ שֶׁהִזִּיק כְּשֶׁהוּא יָשֵׁן חַיָּב בְּנֵזֶק וּפָטוּר מֵאַרְבָּעָה דְּבָרִים:
15If a stone was placed in a person's bosom - regardless of whether he had never known about it, or he had known about it and forgotten it - and when he stood up, the stone fell and caused damage, he is liable only for the injury, but not for the other four assessments.Similarly, if he intended to throw a stone two cubits, and he throw it four cubits and it caused an injury, or if he caused an injury while sleeping, he is liable only for the injury, but not for the other four assessments.
ט״זהַמַּזִּיק אֶת חֲבֵרוֹ בְּכַוָּנָה בְּכָל מָקוֹם חַיָּב בַּחֲמִשָּׁה דְּבָרִים. וַאֲפִלּוּ נִכְנַס לִרְשׁוּת חֲבֵרוֹ שֶׁלֹּא בִּרְשׁוּת וְהִזִּיקוֹ בַּעַל הַבַּיִת חַיָּב שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ רְשׁוּת לְהוֹצִיאוֹ וְאֵין לוֹ רְשׁוּת לְהַזִּיקוֹ. אֲבָל אִם הֻזַּק זֶה שֶׁנִּכְנַס בְּבַעַל הַבַּיִת הֲרֵי בַּעַל הַבַּיִת פָּטוּר. וְאִם הֻזַּק בּוֹ בַּעַל הַבַּיִת חַיָּב מִפְּנֵי שֶׁנִּכְנַס שֶׁלֹּא בִּרְשׁוּת. הָיוּ שְׁנֵיהֶם בִּרְשׁוּת אוֹ שְׁנֵיהֶם שֶׁלֹּא בִּרְשׁוּת וְהֻזְּקוּ זֶה בָּזֶה שְׁנֵיהֶם פְּטוּרִין:
16Whenever a person injures a colleague, he is liable for the five assessments. Even if a person enters a colleague's domain without permission and the owner injures him, the owner is liable. For he has permission to remove the intruder from his domain, but he does not have permission to injure him.If, however, the person who entered bumps into the owner and is injured, the owner is not liable. If the owner bumps into him and is injured, the person who entered is liable, for he entered without permission.If they both had permission to be in that domain, or neither had permission to be in that domain, and one bumps into the other and is injured, neither is liable.
י״זהַמְבַקֵּעַ עֵצִים בִּרְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים וּפָרַח עֵץ מֵהֶן וְהִזִּיק בִּרְשׁוּת הַיָּחִיד. אוֹ שֶׁבִּקֵּעַ בִּרְשׁוּת הַיָּחִיד וְהִזִּיק בִּרְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים. אוֹ שֶׁבִּקֵּעַ בִּרְשׁוּת הַיָּחִיד וְהִזִּיק בִּרְשׁוּת הַיָּחִיד אַחֵר. אוֹ שֶׁנִּכְנַס לַחֲנוּתוֹ שֶׁל נַגָּר בֵּין בִּרְשׁוּת בֵּין שֶׁלֹּא בִּרְשׁוּת וְנִתְּזָה בְּקַעַת וְטָפְחָה עַל פָּנָיו. בְּכָל אֵלּוּ חַיָּב בְּאַרְבָּעָה דְּבָרִים וּפָטוּר מִן הַבֹּשֶׁת:
17In all of the situations to be described, the person who caused the injury is liable for four assessments, but not for the embarrassment he caused: He was chopping wood in the public domain, and a piece of wood took flight and caused injury in the private domain. He was chopping wood in a private domain and caused injury in a public domain. He was chopping wood in a private domain and caused injury in another private domain. A person entered a carpenter's store - whether with permission or without permission - and a block of wood was propelled and hit him in the face.
י״חכְּשֵׁם שֶׁאוֹמְדִין לְמִיתָה כָּךְ אוֹמְדִין לִנְזָקִין. כֵּיצַד. הֲרֵי שֶׁהִכָּה חֲבֵרוֹ בִּצְרוֹר קָטָן שֶׁאֵין בּוֹ כְּדֵי לְהַזִּיק אוֹ בְּקֵיסָם שֶׁל עֵץ קָטָן וְחָבַל בּוֹ חַבָּלָה שֶׁאֵין חֵפֶץ זֶה רָאוּי לַעֲשׂוֹתוֹ הֲרֵי זֶה פָּטוּר. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות כא יח) "בְּאֶבֶן אוֹ בְאֶגְרֹף" דָּבָר הָרָאוּי לְהַזִּיק. אֲבָל חַיָּב הוּא בְּבֹשֶׁת בִּלְבַד. אֲפִלּוּ רָקַק בְּגוּפוֹ שֶׁל חֲבֵרוֹ חַיָּב בְּבשֶׁת. לְפִיכָךְ צְרִיכִין הָעֵדִים לֵידַע בְּמָה הִזִּיק וּמְבִיאִין הַחֵפֶץ שֶׁהִזִּיק בּוֹ לְבֵית דִּין עַד שֶׁאוֹמְדִין אוֹתוֹ וְדָנִין עָלָיו. וְאִם אָבַד הַחֵפֶץ וְאָמַר הַחוֹבֵל לֹא הָיָה בּוֹ כְּדֵי לְהַזִּיק וּכְמוֹ אָנוּס אֲנִי. וְהַנֶּחְבָּל אוֹמֵר הָיָה בּוֹ כְּדֵי לְהַזִּיק. יִשָּׁבַע הַנֶּחְבָּל וְיִטּל כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר:
18Just as an evaluation is made with regard to death, so too, an evaluation is made with regard to damages.What is implied? If he strikes a colleague with a small stone that is not large enough to cause injury, or a small sliver of wood and causes an injury that this article is not ordinarily capable of causing, he is not liable. This concept is alluded to by Exodus 21:18, which speaks of "a man strik(ing) a colleague with a stone or a fist" - i.e., an entity that is capable of causing injury. He is, however, liable for the embarrassment that he caused. [For even if he merely spat on his colleague's person, he is liable for the embarrassment that he caused.Accordingly, the witnesses have to know the article that caused the injury. This article should be brought to the court, and an evaluation is made concerning it, and a reckoning.If the article that caused the injury was lost and the person who caused the injury claims: "It was not sufficient to cause the injury. The injury occurred because of forces beyond my control," and the person who was injured claims: "It was sufficient to cause the injury," the person who was injured should support his claim with an oath and collect his due, as will be explained.
י״טהַבַּרְזֶל אֵין לוֹ אֹמֶד אֲפִלּוּ מַחַט קְטַנָּה רְאוּיָה הִיא לְהָמִית וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר לְהַזִּיק. הַזּוֹרֵק אֶבֶן וּלְאַחַר שֶׁיָּצָא מִתַּחַת יָדוֹ הוֹצִיא הַלָּה אֶת רֹאשׁוֹ מִן הַחַלּוֹן וְקִבְּלָהּ פָּטוּר מִכְּלוּם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יט ה) "וּמָצָא אֶת רֵעֵהוּ" פְּרָט לְמַמְצִיא אֶת עַצְמוֹ:
19A metal object is never evaluated to see whether it can cause injury. Instead, we assume that it can, for even a small needle is capable of killing and surely of causing injury.When a person throws a stone, and afterwards another person extends his head out from a window and is struck by it, the one who threw the stone is not liable at all. This is derived from Deuteronomy 19:5, which speaks of the head of an axe coming loose and "strik(ing) a colleague." This excludes one who causes himself to be stricken.
ב׳
א׳הַחוֹבֵל בַּחֲבֵרוֹ חַבָּלָה שֶׁהוּא רָאוּי לְשַׁלֵּם הַחֲמִשָּׁה דְּבָרִים כֻּלָּם מְשַׁלֵּם חֲמִשָּׁה. הִזִּיקוֹ נֵזֶק שֶׁאֵין בּוֹ אֶלָּא אַרְבָּעָה מְשַׁלֵּם אַרְבָּעָה. שְׁלֹשָׁה מְשַׁלֵּם שְׁלֹשָׁה. שְׁנַיִם מְשַׁלֵּם שְׁנַיִם. אֶחָד מְשַׁלֵּם אֶחָד:
1When a person injures a colleague in a manner that warrants payment of all five assessments, he is required to pay all five. If he injures him in a manner that warrants the payment of only four, he is required to pay only four. If three, three; if two, two; and if one, one.
ב׳כֵּיצַד. קָטַע יָדוֹ אוֹ רַגְלוֹ אוֹ אֶצְבַּע מֵהֶן אוֹ שֶׁסִּמֵּא עֵינוֹ מְשַׁלֵּם חֲמִשָּׁה נֵזֶק וְצַעַר וְרִפּוּי וְשֶׁבֶת וּבשֶׁת. הִכָּהוּ עַל יָדוֹ וְצָבְתָה וְסוֹפָהּ לַחְזֹר. עַל עֵינוֹ וּמָרְדָה וְסוֹפָהּ לִחְיוֹת. מְשַׁלֵּם אַרְבָּעָה צַעַר וְרִפּוּי וְשֶׁבֶת וּבשֶׁת. הִכָּהוּ עַל רֹאשׁוֹ וְצָבָה מְשַׁלֵּם שְׁלֹשָׁה צַעַר וְרִפּוּי וּבשֶׁת. הִכָּהוּ בְּמָקוֹם שֶׁאֵינוֹ נִרְאֶה כְּגוֹן שֶׁהִכָּה עַל בִּרְכָּיו אוֹ בְּגַבּוֹ מְשַׁלֵּם שְׁנַיִם צַעַר וְרִפּוּי. הִכָּהוּ בְּמִטְפַּחַת שֶׁבְּיָדוֹ אוֹ בִּשְׁטָר וְכַיּוֹצֵא בְּאֵלּוּ נוֹתֵן אַחַת וְהִיא הַבּשֶׁת בִּלְבַד:
2What is implied? If a person cuts off a colleague's hand or foot, or a finger or a toe, he must pay all five assessments: the damages, his pain, his medical treatment, his loss of employment and the embarrassment he suffered.If he struck him on his hand and it swelled, but it will ultimately return to size; on his eye and displaced it, but it will heal; he should pay four assessments: his pain, his medical treatment, his loss of employment and the embarrassment he suffered.If he struck him on his head and it swelled, he should pay three assessments: his pain, his medical treatment and the embarrassment he suffered.If he struck him on a place where the blow cannot be seen - e.g., he struck him on his knees or on his back - he should pay two assessments: his pain and his medical treatment.If a person swats a colleague with a handkerchief he was holding, a document or the like, he should pay only one assessment: embarrassment.
ג׳כְּוָאָהוּ בְּשִׁפּוּד אוֹ בְּמַסְמֵר עַל צִפָּרְנָיו בְּמָקוֹם שֶׁאֵינוֹ עוֹשֶׂה חַבּוּרָה וְלֹא מְעַכֵּב מְלָאכָה מְשַׁלֵּם הַצַּעַר בִּלְבַד. הִשְׁקָהוּ סַם אוֹ סָכוֹ סַם וְשִׁנָּה מַרְאֵה עוֹרוֹ מְשַׁלֵּם לוֹ רִפּוּי בִּלְבַד עַד שֶׁיַּחֲזֹר מַרְאֵהוּ כְּשֶׁהָיָה. אֲסָרוֹ בְּחֶדֶר נוֹתֵן לוֹ דְּמֵי שֶׁבֶת בִּלְבַד. וְכֵן כָּל כַּיּוֹצֵא בְּאֵלּוּ:
3If a person burned a colleague with a spit or a nail on his fingernails - i.e., in a place where a wound is not made - and that does not prevent the person from working, he should pay only for pain.If one causes a colleague to drink a drug or anoints him with a drug that changes the color of his skin, he is required to pay merely for the medical expenses necessary until his skin returns to its original color. If he locked him in a room, he reimburses him solely for his loss of employment. Similar laws apply in all analogous situations.
ד׳הַמְגַלֵּחַ שְׂעַר רֹאשׁ חֲבֵרוֹ נוֹתֵן לוֹ דְּמֵי בָּשְׁתּוֹ בִּלְבַד מִפְּנֵי שֶׁסּוֹפוֹ לַחְזֹר. גִּלְּחוֹ בְּסַם אוֹ שֶׁכְּוָאָהוּ עַד שֶׁאֵין סוֹף הַשֵּׂעָר לַחְזֹר חַיָּב בַּחֲמִשָּׁה דְּבָרִים. בְּנֵזֶק בְּצַעַר וְרִפּוּי שֶׁהֲרֵי יִתְחַמֵּם רֹאשׁוֹ מִן הַכְּוִיָּה אוֹ מִן הַסַּם וְנִמְצָא חָשׁ בְּרֹאשׁוֹ. וּמְשַׁלֵּם לוֹ שֶׁבֶת שֶׁהֲרֵי הוּא רָאוּי לִרְקֹד וּלְנַדְנֵד דֶּלֶת רֹאשׁוֹ בִּשְׁעַת רִקּוּד וְנִמְצָא בָּטֵל מִמְּלָאכָה זוֹ. וּבשֶׁת שֶׁאֵין לְךָ בּשֶׁת גָּדוֹל מִזֶּה:
4When a person shaves the head of a colleague, all that it is necessary for him to pay is for the embarrassment, for his hair will grow back. If he removes his hair with a potion or burns his head so that his hair will never grow back, he is liable for all five assessments: damages, pain and medical attention, because his head was heated by the burn or by the potion, and this will cause headaches. He must also pay him unemployment, because previously he was fit to dance and shake the locks of his hair, and he is thus prevented from performing this type of work. And he must be paid for embarrassment, because there is no greater embarrassment than this.
ה׳הָא לָמַדְתָּ שֶׁכָּל הַמְחַסֵּר חֲבֵרוֹ אֵיבָר שֶׁאֵינוֹ חוֹזֵר חַיָּב בְּכָל הַחֲמִשָּׁה דְּבָרִים. אֲפִלּוּ הִפִּיל שִׁנּוֹ חַיָּב בַּכּל שֶׁאִי אֶפְשָׁר שֶׁלֹּא יֶחֱלֶה פִּיו שָׁעָה אַחַת. אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהַשֵּׁן אֵין לוֹ רְפוּאָה בְּשַׂר הַשִּׁנַּיִם צָרִיךְ רְפוּאָה:
5Thus, this indicates that whenever a person causes a colleague a loss of limb that will not grow back, he is liable for all five payments. Even if he knocked out a tooth, he is liable for all five payments. For it is impossible that he will not suffer pain in his mouth for a certain amount of time because of the loss. And although there is no medical treatment for the tooth itself, the gums require medical treatment.
ו׳אֲפִלּוּ חִסְּרוֹ כְּשַׂעֲרָה מֵעוֹר בְּשָׂרוֹ חַיָּב בַּחֲמִשָּׁה דְּבָרִים. שֶׁהָעוֹר אֵינוֹ חוֹזֵר אֶלָּא צַלֶּקֶת. לְפִיכָךְ הַחוֹבֵל בַּחֲבֵרוֹ וְקָרַע הָעוֹר וְהוֹצִיא מִמֶּנּוּ דָּם חַיָּב בַּחֲמִשָּׁה דְּבָרִים:
6Even if he causes him to lose a piece of flesh merely the size of a barleycorn, he must pay all five assessments. He must pay for the permanent damage, because the skin will never return; instead, scar tissue will form. Thus, if a person injures a colleague, cuts his flesh and causes him to bleed, he is liable for all five assessments.
ז׳הַמַּבְעִית חֲבֵרוֹ אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁחָלָה מִן הַפַּחַד הֲרֵי זֶה פָּטוּר מִדִּינֵי אָדָם וְחַיָּב בְּדִינֵי שָׁמַיִם. וְהוּא שֶׁלֹּא נָגַע בּוֹ אֶלָּא כְּגוֹן שֶׁצָּעַק מֵאֲחוֹרָיו אוֹ שֶׁנִּתְרָאָה [לוֹ] בָּאֲפֵלָה וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה. וְכֵן אִם צָעַק בְּאָזְנוֹ וְחֵרְשׁוֹ פָּטוּר מִדִּינֵי אָדָם וְחַיָּב בְּדִינֵי שָׁמַיִם. אֲחָזוֹ וְתָקַע בְּאָזְנוֹ וְחֵרְשׁוֹ אוֹ שֶׁנָּגַע בּוֹ וּדְחָפוֹ בְּעֵת שֶׁהִבְעִיתוֹ אוֹ שֶׁאָחַז בִּבְגָדָיו וְכַיּוֹצֵא בִּדְבָרִים אֵלּוּ חַיָּב בְּתַשְׁלוּמִין:
7A person who scares a colleague - even if the fright causes him to fall ill - is not liable according to the judgments of an earthly court; he does, however, have a moral and spiritual obligation to compensate him. This applies, however, only when he did not touch him, but merely shouted behind him, appeared before him in the darkness or the like.Similarly, if a person shouted in a colleague's ear and caused him to become deaf, he is not liable according to the judgments of an earthly court; he does, however, have a moral and spiritual obligation to compensate him.If, however, a person grasped hold of a colleague and blew a horn in his ear and caused him to become deaf, touched him and/or pushed him when he frightened him, took hold of his clothes or the like, he is obligated to pay compensation even according to an earthly court.
ח׳יֵרָאֶה לִי שֶׁהַנֶּחְבָּל שֶׁאָמַר נִתְחָרַשְׁתִּי אוֹ נִסְמֵית עֵינִי וַהֲרֵי אֵינִי רוֹאֶה אוֹ אֵינִי שׁוֹמֵעַ אֵינוֹ נֶאֱמָן. שֶׁהֲרֵי אֵין אָנוּ מַכִּירִין הַדָּבָר שֶׁמָּא יַעֲרִים. וְאֵינוֹ נוֹטֵל הַנֵּזֶק עַד שֶׁיִּבָּדֵק זְמַן מְרֻבֶּה וְיִהְיֶה מֻחְזָק שֶׁאָבַד מְאוֹר עֵינָיו אוֹ נִתְחָרֵשׁ וְאַחַר כָּךְ יְשַׁלֵּם זֶה:
8It appears to me that if the injured party claims to have been deafened or blinded and thus cannot see or hear, his claim is not accepted on faith, lest he attempt to deceive. For we have no evidence about the matter. Instead, he is not entitled to compensation unless he will be observed for an extended period of time, and it will be established that he lost his sight or his hearing. Only then, must the person who caused the damage pay.
ט׳כַּמָּה הוּא הַצַּעַר. הַכּל הוּא לְפִי הַנִּזָּק. יֵשׁ אָדָם שֶׁהוּא רַךְ וְעָנֹג מְאֹד וּבַעַל מָמוֹן וְאִלּוּ נָתְנוּ לוֹ מָמוֹן הַרְבֵּה לֹא הָיָה מִצְטַעֵר מְעַט. וְיֵשׁ אָדָם שֶׁהוּא עַמְלָן וְחָזָק וְעָנִי וּמִפְּנֵי זוּז אֶחָד מִצְטַעֵר צַעַר הַרְבֵּה. וְעַל פִּי הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלֶּה אוֹמְדִין וּפוֹסְקִין הַצַּעַר:
9What compensation must be paid for pain? It all depends on the nature of the injured party. There are certain people who are delicate, spoiled and wealthy, and would not bear even a slight amount of pain for a large amount of money. And there are people who are heavy laborers, strong and poor, and will bear much suffering for a single zuz. These are the factors that are taken into consideration when evaluating and determining the compensation for pain.
י׳כֵּיצַד מְשַׁעֲרִין הַצַּעַר בְּמָקוֹם שֶׁחִסְּרוֹ אֵיבָר. הֲרֵי שֶׁקָּטַע יָדוֹ אוֹ אֶצְבָּעוֹ אוֹמְדִים כַּמָּה אָדָם כָּזֶה רוֹצֶה לִתֵּן בֵּין לִקְטֹעַ לוֹ אֵיבָר זֶה בְּסַיִף אוֹ לִקְטֹעַ אוֹתוֹ בְּסַם אִם גָּזַר עָלָיו הַמֶּלֶךְ לִקְטֹעַ יָדוֹ אוֹ רַגְלוֹ. וְאוֹמְדִין כַּמָּה יֵשׁ בֵּין זֶה לָזֶה וּמְשַׁלֵּם הַמַּזִּיק:
10How is the pain evaluated when there is a loss of limb?If a person cut off a colleague's hand or finger, we evaluate how much such a person would give to have this limb amputated with a potion instead of having it cut of with a sword, if the king decreed that his hand or foot must be cut off. We evaluate the difference between the two, and the one who caused the injury is required to pay that amount.
י״אכֵּיצַד מְשַׁעֲרִין הַשֶּׁבֶת. אִם לֹא חִסְּרוֹ אֵיבָר אֶלָּא חָלָה וְנָפַל לְמִשְׁכָּב אוֹ שֶׁצָּבְתָה יָדוֹ וְסוֹפָהּ לַחְזֹר נוֹתֵן לוֹ דְּמֵי שִׁבְתּוֹ שֶׁל כָּל יוֹם וְיוֹם כְּפוֹעֵל בָּטֵל שֶׁל אוֹתָהּ מְלָאכָה שֶׁבִּטֵּל מִמֶּנּוּ. וְאִם חִסְּרוֹ אֵיבָר אוֹ שֶׁקָּטַע יָדוֹ נוֹתֵן דְּמֵי יָדוֹ שֶׁהוּא הַנֵּזֶק. וְשֶׁבֶת רוֹאִין אוֹתוֹ כְּאִלּוּ הוּא שׁוֹמֵר קִשּׁוּאִים וְרוֹאִין כַּמָּה הוּא שְׂכַר שׁוֹמֵר קִשּׁוּאִין בְּכָל יוֹם וְעוֹשִׂין חֶשְׁבּוֹן כָּל יְמֵי חָלְיוֹ שֶׁל זֶה וְנוֹתֵן לוֹ. וְכֵן אִם קָטַע רַגְלוֹ רוֹאִין אוֹתוֹ כְּאִלּוּ הוּא שׁוֹמֵר עַל הַפֶּתַח. סִמֵּא עֵינוֹ רוֹאִין אוֹתוֹ כְּאִלּוּ הוּא טוֹחֵן בְּרֵחַיִם. וְכֵן כָּל כַּיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה:
11How is the unemployment assessment evaluated? If he did not cause the person to lose a limb, but instead caused him to become sick and invalid, or his arm swelled but it will return to its original size, the person who caused the injury must pay the victim for his unemployment for each day, like an unemployed worker of the trade in which he is employed.If he caused him to lose a limb or cut off his hand, he must pay him full compensation for his hand; this being "damages." In this instance, we judge him as if he were a guard at a patch of squash. We evaluate how much such a guard would earn each day and calculate the number of days he will be incapacitated. This is the amount the person who caused the injury must pay.Similarly, if a person cut off a colleague's legs, we calculate a wage as if he were a door guard. If he blinded him, we calculate a wage as if he worked in a mill. Similar principles apply in all analogous situations.
י״בהִכָּה אֶת חֲבֵרוֹ עַל אָזְנוֹ אוֹ אֲחָזוֹ וְתָקַע בְּאָזְנוֹ וְחֵרְשׁוֹ נוֹתֵן לוֹ דְּמֵי כֻּלּוֹ שֶׁהֲרֵי אֵינוֹ רָאוּי לִמְלָאכָה כְּלָל:
12If a person hits a colleague on his ear or blows a horn into his ear and causes him to become deaf, he must pay his entire worth, for the victim is no longer fit to perform any work.
י״גסִמֵּא אֶת עֵינוֹ וְלֹא אֲמָדוּהוּ קָטַע אֶת יָדוֹ וְלֹא אֲמָדוּהוּ וְקָטַע אֶת רַגְלוֹ וְלֹא אֲמָדוּהוּ וְאַחַר כָּךְ חֵרְשׁוֹ הוֹאִיל וְלֹא אֲמָדוּהוּ לְכָל נֵזֶק וְנֵזֶק נוֹתֵן לוֹ דְּמֵי כֻּלּוֹ. אֲמָדוּהוּ לְכָל נֵזֶק וְנֵזֶק וְאַחַר כָּךְ אֲמָדוּהוּ לְכֻלּוֹ אֵין גּוֹבִין מִמֶּנּוּ אֶלָּא דְּמֵי כֻּלּוֹ בִּלְבַד. וְאִם תָּפַשׂ הַנִּזָּק נֵזֶק כָּל אֵיבָר וְאֵיבָר וּדְמֵי כֻּלּוֹ אֵין מוֹצִיאִין מִיָּדוֹ:
13The following law applies when a person blinded a colleague, and before the damages were evaluated cut off his hand, and before those damages were evaluated cut off his leg, and before those damages were evaluated caused him to become deaf. Since an evaluation was not made for each of the damages and ultimately, the person who caused the injury was required to pay the victim's entire worth, that is all that he is obligated to pay.If an evaluation was made for each of the previous damages and then an evaluation was made for his entire worth, the court collects only the injured's entire worth from the person who inflicted the injury. If, however, the injured seizes payment for every injured limb and for his entire worth from the property of the person who inflicted the injury, it is not expropriated from him.
י״דכֵּיצַד מְשַׁעֲרִין הָרִפּוּי. אוֹמְדִין כַּמָּה יָמִים יִחְיֶה זֶה מֵחלִי זֶה וְכַמָּה הוּא צָרִיךְ וְנוֹתֵן לוֹ מִיָּד. וְאֵין מְחַיְּבִין אוֹתוֹ לִתֵּן דְּבַר יוֹם בְּיוֹמוֹ. וְדָבָר זֶה תַּקָּנָה הִיא לַמַּזִּיק:
14How is the assessment for medical bills evaluated? We estimate how many days this ailment will last and what will be required to treat it. The person who caused the injury is required to give this sum immediately. We do not require him to make payments day by day. This is an enactment in favor of the person who caused the injury.
ט״ווְכֵן הַשֶּׁבֶת אוֹמְדִין אוֹתָהּ וְנוֹתֵן הַכּל מִיָּד. אִם הָיָה מִתְגַּלְגֵּל בְּחָלְיוֹ וְהוֹלֵךְ וְאָרַךְ בּוֹ הַחלִי יֶתֶר עַל מַה שֶּׁאֲמָדוּהוּ אֵינוֹ מוֹסִיף לוֹ כְּלוּם. וְכֵן אִם הִבְרִיא מִיָּד אֵין פּוֹחֲתִין לוֹ מִמַּה שֶּׁאֲמָדוּהוּ:
15Similarly, the unemployment assessment is evaluated and must be paid immediately.If the injured party's ailment develops complications and becomes extended beyond the amount originally estimated, the person who caused the injury is not required to pay him more. Conversely, if he becomes healed immediately, the assessment is not reduced.
ט״זבַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים בְּשֶׁרָצָה הַמַּזִּיק שֶׁזּוֹ תַּקָּנָה הִיא לוֹ. אֲבָל אִם אָמַר הַמַּזִּיק אֵין רְצוֹנִי בְּתַקָּנָה זוֹ אֶלָּא אֲרַפְּאֶנּוּ דְּבַר יוֹם בְּיוֹמוֹ שׁוֹמְעִין לוֹ:
16When does the above apply? When the person who caused the injury agrees, for this enactment is to his benefit. If, however, the person who caused the injury says: "I do not desire that this enactment be followed; instead, I will pay his medical bills day by day" - he is given that prerogative.
י״זאָמַר לוֹ הַנִּזָּק פְּסֹק עִמִּי וְתֵן עַל יָדִי וַאֲנִי אֲרַפֵּא אֶת עַצְמִי אֵין שׁוֹמְעִין לוֹ שֶׁהֲרֵי אוֹמֵר לוֹ שֶׁמָּא לֹא תְּרַפֵּא עַצְמְךָ וְאֶחֱזַק אֲנִי כְּמַזִּיק אֶלָּא נוֹתֵן לוֹ דְּבַר יוֹם בְּיוֹמוֹ. אוֹ פּוֹסֵק עַל הַכּל וְנוֹתֵן דְּמֵי הָרִפּוּי עַל יְדֵי בֵּית דִּין:
17If the person who suffered the injury says: "Assess my injury and give me the money. I will heal myself," his request is not accepted. For the person who caused the injury can say: "Perhaps you will not be successful in healing yourself, and I will be viewed as responsible for the injury." Instead, he must pay his medical expenses day by day, or pay an assessment for the entire amount and give the money for his medical expenses to the court on his behalf.
י״חאָמַר לוֹ הַמַּזִּיק אֲנִי אֲרַפֵּא אוֹתְךָ אוֹ יֵשׁ לִי רוֹפֵא שֶׁמְּרַפֵּא בְּחִנָּם אֵין שׁוֹמְעִין לוֹ אֶלָּא מֵבִיא רוֹפֵא אֻמָּן וּמְרַפְּאֵהוּ בְּשָׂכָר:
18If the person who caused the injury says: "I will heal you," or he says: "I have a physician who will heal you without charge," his words are not heeded. Instead, he is required to bring a professional physician who charges for healing him.
י״טהֲרֵי שֶׁלֹּא פָּסַק עִמּוֹ אֶלָּא הָיָה מְרַפֵּא יוֹם וְיוֹם וְעָלוּ בּוֹ צְמָחִים מֵחֲמַת הַמַּכָּה אוֹ נִסְתְּרָה הַמַּכָּה אַחַר שֶׁחָיְתָה. חַיָּב לְרַפְּאוֹתוֹ וְלָתֵת לוֹ דְּמֵי שִׁבְתּוֹ. עָלוּ בּוֹ צְמָחִים שֶׁלֹּא מֵחֲמַת הַמַּכָּה חַיָּב לְרַפְּאוֹתוֹ וְאֵינוֹ נוֹתֵן לוֹ דְּמֵי שִׁבְתּוֹ. עָבַר עַל דִּבְרֵי רוֹפֵא וְהִכְבִּיד עָלָיו הַחלִי אֵינוֹ חַיָּב לְרַפְּאוֹתוֹ:
19If an assessment was not made at the outset, for the person who caused the injury chose to pay the medical bills day by day, if an infection arose because of the wound, or if the wound opened again after it began to heal, he is required to pay for the medical expenses and for unemployment.If an infection arose that was not caused by the wound, he is obligated to pay for the medical expenses, but is not obligated to pay for unemployment.If the person who was injured disobeyed the physician's instructions and the severity of the ailment increased, the person who caused the injury is not obligated to heal him.
כ׳כְּשֶׁפּוֹסְקִין בֵּית דִּין עַל הַמַּזִּיק וּמְחַיְּבִין אוֹתוֹ לְשַׁלֵּם גּוֹבִין מִמֶּנּוּ הַכּל מִיָּד וְאֵין קוֹבְעִין לוֹ זְמַן כְּלָל. וְאִם נִתְחַיֵּב בְּבשֶׁת בִּלְבַד קוֹבְעִין לוֹ זְמַן לְשַׁלֵּם שֶׁהֲרֵי לֹא חִסְּרוֹ מָמוֹן:
20When the court arrives at an assessment and obligates the person who caused the injury to pay, the entire amount is expropriated from him immediately. We do not grant him time to sell his property.If he became obligated for embarrassment alone, we grant him time to sell his property, for he did not cause the victim a financial loss.
ג׳
א׳כֵּיצַד מְשַׁעֲרִין הַבּשֶׁת. הַכּל לְפִי הַמְבַיֵּשׁ וְהַמִּתְבַּיֵּשׁ. אֵינוֹ דּוֹמֶה מִתְבַּיֵּשׁ מִן הַקָּטָן לְמִתְבַּיֵּשׁ מֵאָדָם גָּדוֹל וּמְכֻבָּד שֶׁזֶּה שֶׁבִּיְּשׁוֹ זֶה הַקַּל בָּשְׁתּוֹ מְרֻבָּה:
1How is the assessment for embarrassment evaluated? Everything depends on the character of the person who causes the embarrassment and that of the one who is embarrassed. For the embarrassment caused by a child cannot be compared to the embarrassment caused by a respected adult, since the embarrassment caused by the ignoble one is greater.
ב׳הַמְבַיֵּשׁ אֶת הֶעָרֹם אוֹ מִי שֶׁהוּא בְּמֶרְחָץ פָּטוּר. נָשְׁבָה הָרוּחַ וְהָפְכָה שׁוּלָיו עַל פָּנָיו וַהֲרֵי הוּא עָרֹם וְהוֹסִיף זֶה בְּהַפְשָׁטָתוֹ חַיָּב בְּבֹשֶׁת. וְאֵינוֹ דּוֹמֶה מְבַיֵּשׁ אֶת זֶה שֶׁנַּעֲשָׂה עָרֹם לִמְבַיֵּשׁ אֶת שֶׁאֵינוֹ עָרֹם. וְכֵן אִם הִגְבִּיהַּ בְּגָדָיו לֵירֵד לַנָּהָר אוֹ שֶׁעָלָה מִן הַנָּהָר וּבִיְּשׁוֹ חַיָּב. וְאֵינוֹ דּוֹמֶה מְבַיֵּשׁ זֶה לִמְבַיֵּשׁ אֶת הַמְכֻסֶּה בִּבְגָדָיו:
2A person who embarrasses someone who is naked, or who is in the bathhouse is not liable. If the wind blew and raised a person's clothes up against his face, revealing his nakedness, and then another person removed more of his garments, the latter is liable for causing embarrassment. Nevertheless, the embarrassment caused to this person whose nakedness was revealed cannot be compared to the embarrassment of a person who was not naked at all.Similarly, if a person lifted up his clothes to go down to a river or to ascend from a river, and another person embarrassed him, that person is liable. Nevertheless, the embarrassment caused to this person cannot be compared to the embarrassment of a person who was fully clothed.
ג׳הַמְבַיֵּשׁ אֶת הַיָּשֵׁן חַיָּב בְּבשֶׁת. וְאִם מֵת בְּתוֹךְ שְׁנָתוֹ וְלֹא הֵקִיץ וְלֹא הִרְגִּישׁ בָּזֶה שֶׁבִּיְּשׁוֹ אֵין גּוֹבִין בּשֶׁת זֶה מִן הַמְבַיֵּשׁ. וְאִם תָּפְשׂוּ הַיּוֹרְשִׁין אֵין מוֹצִיאִין מִיָּדָן:
3When a person embarrasses a colleague who is sleeping, he is liable for the embarrassment he caused. If the person died in his sleep and never became aware that this person had embarrassed him, the assessment for embarrassment should not be expropriated from the person who caused the embarrassment. If, however, the embarrassed person's heirs seized this amount from the property of the person who caused the embarrassment, it is not expropriated from them.
ד׳הַמְבַיֵּשׁ אֶת הַשּׁוֹטֶה פָּטוּר. וְהַמְבַיֵּשׁ אֶת הַחֵרֵשׁ חַיָּב. הַמְבַיֵּשׁ אֶת הַגֵּר אוֹ אֶת הָעֶבֶד חַיָּב. הַמְבַיֵּשׁ אֶת הַקָּטָן אִם כְּשֶׁמַּכְלִימִין אוֹתוֹ נִכְלָם חַיָּב וְאִם לָאו פָּטוּר. וּמִכָּל מָקוֹם אֵינוֹ דּוֹמֶה הַמְבַיֵּשׁ אֶת הַקָּטָן לִמְבַיֵּשׁ אֶת הַגָּדוֹל. וְלֹא הַמְבַיֵּשׁ אֶת הָעֶבֶד לִמְבַיֵּשׁ אֶת בֶּן חוֹרִין. וְלֹא מְבַיֵּשׁ חֵרֵשׁ לִמְבַיֵּשׁ פִּקֵּחַ:
4A person who embarrasses a mentally incompetent person is not liable. A person who embarrasses a deaf mute is liable.A person who embarrasses a convert or a servant is liable. The following rules apply when a person embarrasses a minor: If the minor becomes embarrassed when he is shamed, the person is liable. If the minor does not feel the shame, the other person is not liable.Even when he is liable, the liability for embarrassing a minor cannot be compared to the liability for embarrassing an adult, nor can that required for embarrassing a servant be compared to that required for embarrassing a free man, nor can that required for embarrassing a deaf mute be compared to that required for embarrassing a mentally competent person.
ה׳הַמְבַיֵּשׁ אֶת חֲבֵרוֹ בִּדְבָרִים אוֹ שֶׁרָקַק עַל בְּגָדָיו פָּטוּר מִן הַתַּשְׁלוּמִין. וְיֵשׁ לְבֵית דִּין לִגְדֹּר בַּדָּבָר בְּכָל מָקוֹם וּבְכָל זְמַן כְּפִי שֶׁיִּרְאוּ. וְאִם בִּיֵּשׁ תַּלְמִיד חֲכָמִים חַיָּב לְשַׁלֵּם לוֹ בּשֶׁת שְׁלֵמָה אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא בִּיְּשׁוֹ אֶלָּא בִּדְבָרִים. כְּבָר נִפְסַק הַדִּין שֶׁכָּל הַמְבַיֵּשׁ תַּלְמִיד חָכָם אֲפִלּוּ בִּדְבָרִים קוֹנְסִין אוֹתוֹ וְגוֹבִין מִמֶּנּוּ מִשְׁקַל שְׁלֹשִׁים וַחֲמִשָּׁה דִּינָר מִן הַזָּהָב שֶׁהוּא מִשְׁקַל תֵּשַׁע סְלָעִים פָּחוֹת רְבִיעַ. וְקַבָּלָה הִיא בְּיָדֵינוּ שֶׁגּוֹבִין קְנָס זֶה בְּכָל מָקוֹם בֵּין בָּאָרֶץ בֵּין בְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ:
5When a person embarrasses a colleague with words, or he spits on his clothing, he is not liable for a financial penalty. The court should, however, impose appropriate restraints concerning such matters in every place and time.If a person embarrasses a Torah scholar, he is liable to pay him for the full measure of embarrassment, even though he embarrassed him only by verbal abuse. The rule has already been ordained that anyone who embarrasses a Torah scholar, even with mere verbal abuse, is penalized and is required to pay 35 gold dinarim - i.e., the weight of 8 and 3/4 sela'im. It is an accepted tradition, that this penalty is exacted in all places, in Eretz Yisrael and in the diaspora.
ו׳מַעֲשִׂים הָיוּ אֶצְלֵנוּ תָּמִיד בְּכָךְ בִּסְפָרַד. וְיֵשׁ תַּלְמִידֵי חֲכָמִים שֶׁהָיוּ מוֹחֲלִין עַל זֶה וְכָךְ נָאֶה לָהֶם. וְיֵשׁ שֶׁתּוֹבֵעַ וְעוֹשִׂין פְּשָׁרָה בֵּינֵיהֶן. אֲבָל הַדַּיָּנִים הָיוּ אוֹמְרִין לַמְבַיֵּשׁ חַיָּב אַתָּה לִתֵּן לוֹ לִיטְרָא זָהָב:
6There have continually been instances of this in our community in Spain. There are some scholars who have waived this payment, and this is praiseworthy of them. There are those who demand payment and reach a compromise. The judges, however, tell the person who caused the embarrassment: "You are obligated to pay him a pound of gold."
ז׳אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהַמְבַיֵּשׁ שְׁאָר הָעָם בִּדְבָרִים פָּטוּר מִן הַתַּשְׁלוּמִין עָוֹן גָּדוֹל הוּא. וְאֵינוֹ מְחָרֵף וּמְגַדֵּף לָעָם אֶלָּא רָשָׁע שׁוֹטֶה. וְאָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים הָרִאשׁוֹנִים שֶׁכָּל הַמַּלְבִּין פְּנֵי אָדָם כָּשֵׁר מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל בִּדְבָרִים אֵין לוֹ חֵלֶק לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא:
7Although a person who embarrasses someone else verbally is not liable for a financial payment, it is a grave sin. Only a wicked and foolish person abuses and insults people. The Sages of the earlier generations said: "Whoever embarrasses a proper Jewish person in public with words does not have a share in the world to come."
ח׳יֵשׁ הַכָּאוֹת רַבּוֹת שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהֶן בִּזּוּי וְצַעַר מְעַט וְאֵין בָּהֶן נֵזֶק. וּכְבָר פָּסְקוּ לָהֶם חֲכָמִים דָּמִים קְצוּבִים. וְכָל הַמַּכֶּה לַחֲבֵרוֹ הַכָּאָה מֵהֶן מְשַׁלֵּם אוֹתוֹ הַמָּמוֹן הַקָּצוּב וְכֻלָּן קְנָסוֹת הֵן. וְאוֹתוֹ הַמָּמוֹן הַקָּצוּב הוּא דְּמֵי הַצַּעַר וְהַבּשֶׁת וְהָרִפּוּי וְהַשֶּׁבֶת. בֵּין צָרִיךְ לִרְפוּאָה וְשֶׁבֶת בֵּין לֹא צָרִיךְ כָּזֶה הוּא מְשַׁלֵּם:
8There are many types of blows that involve embarrassment and a small amount of pain, but no permanent damage. Our Sages have already ordained specific payments for these types of blows. Whoever strikes a colleague with one of these blows must pay this specified amount. These are all considered k'nasot.The specific amount that the person must pay is the assessment for pain, embarrassment, medical attention and unemployment. Whether or not the injured requires medical attention and loses employment, this is the amount that must be paid.
ט׳וְכַמָּה הוּא מְשַׁלֵּם. הַבּוֹעֵט בַּחֲבֵרוֹ בְּרַגְלוֹ מְשַׁלֵּם חָמֵשׁ סְלָעִים. הִכָּהוּ בְּאַרְכֻּבָּתוֹ מְשַׁלֵּם שָׁלֹשׁ סְלָעִים. קִבֵּץ אֶצְבְּעוֹתָיו כְּמוֹ אוֹגֵד אֲגוּדָה וְהִכָּהוּ בְּיָדוֹ כְּשֶׁהִיא אֲגוּדָה מְשַׁלֵּם שְׁלֹשׁ עֶשְׂרֵה סְלָעִים. תָּקַע אֶת חֲבֵרוֹ בְּכַפּוֹ מְשַׁלֵּם סֶלַע. סְטָרוֹ עַל פָּנָיו מְשַׁלֵּם חֲמִשִּׁים סְלָעִים. סְטָרוֹ מֵאֲחוֹרֵי יָדוֹ מְשַׁלֵּם מֵאָה סֶלַע. וְכֵן אִם צִירֵם בְּאָזְנוֹ אוֹ תָּלַשׁ בִּשְׂעָרוֹ אוֹ שֶׁרָקַק וְהִגִּיעוֹ [הָרֹק בִּבְשָׂרוֹ אוֹ הֶעֱבִיר טַלִּית מֵעָלָיו וּפָרַע רֹאשׁ הָאִשָּׁה] מְשַׁלֵּם מֵאָה סֶלַע. וְכָזֶה הוּא מְשַׁלֵּם עַל כָּל מַעֲשֶׂה וּמַעֲשֶׂה. כֵּיצַד. כְּגוֹן שֶׁבָּעַט בַּחֲבֵרוֹ אַרְבַּע בְּעִיטוֹת אֲפִלּוּ זוֹ אַחַר זוֹ מְשַׁלֵּם עֶשְׂרִים סְלָעִים. סְטָרוֹ עַל פָּנָיו שְׁתֵּי סְטִירוֹת מְשַׁלֵּם מֵאָה סֶלַע. וְכֵן בַּשְּׁאָר:
9How much must be paid? A person who kicks a colleague with his foot must pay five sela'im. If he butts him with his knee, he must pay three sela'im. If he hits him with a fist, he must pay thirteen sela'im. If he slams his colleague with his palm, he must pay a sela. If he slaps him in the face, he must pay fifty sela'im. If he slaps him in the face with the back of his hand, he must pay 100 sela'im.Similarly, if he twists his ear, pulls his hair, spits at him and the spittle touches his body, removes a man's garment or a woman's head covering, he must pay 100 sela'im.He must pay this amount for every blow he gives. What is implied? If he kicks his colleague four times - even if he kicks him in immediate succession, he must pay him twenty sela'im. If he slaps him in the face twice, he must pay him 100 sela'im. The same rule applies with regard to the other payments.
י׳כָּל אֵלּוּ הַסְּלָעִים הֵם מִכֶּסֶף אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּאוֹתוֹ הַזְּמַן. שֶׁהָיָה בְּכָל סֶלַע חֲצִי דִּינָר כֶּסֶף וּשְׁלֹשָׁה דִּינָרִין וּמֶחֱצָה נְחשֶׁת. לְפִיכָךְ מִי שֶׁנִּתְחַיֵּב בְּהַכָּאוֹת אֵלּוּ לְשַׁלֵּם מֵאָה סֶלַע הֲרֵי זֶה מְשַׁלֵּם שְׁתֵּים עֶשְׂרֵה סֶלַע וּמֶחֱצָה כֶּסֶף נָקִי:
10All the sela'im mentioned in this context refer to the silver coins used in Eretz Yisrael at that time. Every sela was composed of half a dinar of pure silver and three and a half dinarim of copper. Therefore, if a person became liable to pay a colleague 100 sela'im because of such blows, he is liable to pay him twelve and a half sela'im of pure silver.
י״אבַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים בִּמְכֻבָּד. אֲבָל אָדָם שֶׁהוּא מְבֻזֶּה וְאֵינוֹ מַקְפִּיד בְּכָל אֵלּוּ הַדְּבָרִים וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן אֵינוֹ נוֹטֵל אֶלָּא לְפִי מַה שֶּׁרָאוּי לוֹ וּכְמוֹ שֶׁיִּרְאוּ הַדַּיָּנִים שֶׁהוּא רָאוּי לִטּל. לְפִי שֶׁיֵּשׁ בְּנֵי אָדָם כְּעוּרִין שֶׁאֵין מַקְפִּידִין עַל בָּשְׁתָּם וְכָל הַיּוֹם מְבַזִּים עַצְמָן בְּכָל מִינֵי בִּזּוּי דֶּרֶךְ שְׂחוֹק וְקַלּוּת רֹאשׁ אוֹ כְּדֵי לִטּל פְּרוּטָה אַחַת מִן הַלֵּצִים הַמְשַׂחֲקִים עִמָּהֶם:
11When are these assessments imposed? When a distinguished person is involved. If, however, an ignoble person is involved - one who is not particular about these things or the like - he receives only the amount of money that is appropriate for him, as assessed by the judges.For there are base people who are not concerned with being shamed and will demean themselves in any humiliating manner for foolishness and frivolity, or to receive a p'rutah from the fools who jest with them.