א׳
א׳הַנְּבֵלָה אָב מֵאֲבוֹת הַטֻּמְאוֹת. כְּזַיִת מִבְּשָׂרָהּ מְטַמֵּא אָדָם וְכֵלִים בְּמַגָּע וּכְלֵי חֶרֶס בַּאֲוִיר. וּמְטַמֵּא אֶת הָאָדָם בְּמַשָּׂא לְטַמֵּא בְּגָדִים כְּמֶרְכַּב הַזָּב. כֵּיצַד. אָדָם שֶׁנָּגַע בִּנְבֵלָה נִטְמָא וַהֲרֵי הוּא רִאשׁוֹן לְטֻמְאָה. וְאִם נָגַע בְּכֵלִים אֲפִלּוּ בִּשְׁעַת מַגָּעוֹ בִּנְבֵלָה הֲרֵי הֵן טְהוֹרִין. וְכֵן כֵּלִים שֶׁעָלָיו טְהוֹרִין לְפִי [שֶׁהוּא] וָלָד וְאֵין וָלָד מְטַמֵּא כֵּלִים. אֲבָל הַנּוֹשֵׂא אֶת הַנְּבֵלָה מְטַמֵּא כֵּלִים בִּשְׁעַת נְשִׂיאָתוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא יא כח) "וְהַנּשֵֹׁא אֶת נִבְלָתָם יְכַבֵּס בְּגָדָיו". וְאוֹתָן הַבְּגָדִים רִאשׁוֹן לְטֻמְאָה. וְאֵינוֹ מְטַמֵּא לֹא אָדָם וְלֹא כְּלֵי חֶרֶס וַאֲפִלּוּ בִּשְׁעַת נְשִׂיאָתוֹ כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ בִּמְטַמְּאֵי מִשְׁכָּב וּמוֹשָׁב:
1The carcass of a dead animal is a primary source of impurity. An olive-sized portion of its meat imparts impurity to a person and keilim when touched and to an earthenware container when it enters its inner space. And it imparts impurity to a person when being carried to the extent that his clothes become impure, as is the law regarding a surface on which one rides that contracted impurity from a zav.What is implied? When a person touches the carcass of a dead animal, he is considered as a primary derivative of impurity. If he touches keilim - even at the same time that he is touching the carcass - they are pure. Similarly, the clothes that he is wearing are pure, for he is a derivative of impurity and a derivative does not impart impurity to keilim.When, by contrast, one carries the carcass of a dead animal, he imparts impurity to keilim while he is carrying it, as Leviticus 11:28 states: "One who carries their carcasses must launder his garments." Those garments are considered as primary derivatives of impurity. He does not impart impurity to another person or to earthenware containers even when he is carrying the carcass, as we explained in Hilchot Metamei Mishkav UMoshav.
ב׳אֶחָד בְּהֵמָה וְחַיָּה בֵּין הַמֻּתָּרִין בַּאֲכִילָה בֵּין הָאֲסוּרִין אִם מֵתוּ כֻּלָּן בְּשָׂרָן מְטַמֵּא בִּכְזַיִת. וּשְׁחִיטַת בְּהֵמָה טְהוֹרָה וְחַיָּה טְהוֹרָה מְטַהַרְתּוֹ בְּכָל מָקוֹם. וַאֲפִלּוּ שָׁחַט חֻלִּין בַּעֲזָרָה וְקָדָשִׁים בַּחוּץ הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ טְהוֹרִין. וְאִם אֵרַע פִּסּוּל בַּשְּׁחִיטָה הֲרֵי זוֹ נְבֵלָה וּמְטַמְּאָה בְּמַשָּׂא כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ בְּהִלְכוֹת שְׁחִיטָה:
2These laws apply regarding both the carcasses of a domesticated animal and a wild animal, whether of a species permitted to be eaten or one forbidden to be eaten. If any of these types of animals die, an olive-sized portion of their meat imparts impurity. The ritual slaughter of a kosher domesticated animal or a kosher wild animal purifies it in all circumstances. Even if one slaughtered an ordinary animal in the Temple Courtyard or a consecrated animal outside the Temple Courtyard, they are pure. If a disqualifying factor occurs in the process of ritual slaughter, the carcass is considered like that of an animal that died. It imparts impurity when carried, as stated in Hilchot Shechitah.
ג׳בְּהֵמָה טְמֵאָה וְחַיָּה טְמֵאָה אֵין הַשְּׁחִיטָה מוֹעֶלֶת בָּהּ וְאֶחָד הַשּׁוֹחֲטָהּ אוֹ הַנּוֹחֲרָהּ אוֹ הַחוֹנְקָהּ אוֹ שֶׁמֵּתָה כְּדַרְכָּהּ הֲרֵי זוֹ נְבֵלָה. וְכָל הַנְּבֵלוֹת מִצְטָרְפוֹת לְעִנְיַן טֻמְאָה לִכְזַיִת אֶחָד טְמֵאוֹת וְאֶחָד טְהוֹרוֹת:
3Ritual slaughter has no effect on the status of a non-kosher domesticated animal or a non-kosher wild animal. Whether one slaughters such an animal, stabs it in the throat, strangles it, or it dies naturally, it is considered as an animal carcass. Flesh from all carcasses - both from kosher species and from non-kosher species can be combined to reach the minimum measure of an olive-sized portion that imparts ritual impurity.
ד׳מֹחַ הֲרֵי הוּא כְּבָשָׂר. וְדַם הַנְּבֵלָה אֵינוֹ מְטַמֵּא כִּנְבֵלָה אֶלָּא הֲרֵי הוּא כְּמַשְׁקִין טְמֵאִים שֶׁאֵינוֹ מְטַמֵּא לֹא אָדָם וְלֹא כֵּלִים מִן הַתּוֹרָה:
4The marrow of a bone is considered like flesh. The blood of an animal carcass does not impart impurity like an animal carcass. Instead, it is considered as an impure liquid which does not impart impurity to a person or to utensils according to Scriptural Law.
ה׳חֵלֶב בְּהֵמָה טְהוֹרָה שֶׁמֵּתָה טָהוֹר. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא ז כד) "וְחֵלֶב נְבֵלָה וְחֵלֶב טְרֵפָה יֵעָשֶׂה לְכָל מְלָאכָה וְאָכל לֹא תֹאכְלֻהוּ" מִי שֶׁאִסּוּרוֹ מִשּׁוּם נְבֵלָה וּטְרֵפָה. וְאִם הֻכְשַׁר בְּמַשְׁקִין הַמַּכְשִׁירִין הֲרֵי הוּא כָּאֳכָלִין טְמֵאִין וְאֵינוֹ כִּבְשַׂר נְבֵלָה. וְהַנּוֹגֵעַ בַּחֵלֶב הַחוֹפֶה אֶת הַכֻּלְיָא קֹדֶם הַפְרָשָׁה הֲרֵי זֶה טָמֵא כְּנוֹגֵעַ בַּכֻּלְיָא עַצְמָהּ שֶׁהֲרֵי כַּמָּה חוּטִין נִמְשָׁכִין מִמֶּנָּה בַּחֵלֶב. אֲבָל בְּהֵמָה טְמֵאָה וְהַחַיָּה בֵּין טְהוֹרָה בֵּין טְמֵאָה אֶחָד בְּשָׂרָהּ וְאֶחָד חֶלְבָּהּ לְטֻמְאָה. וּמְטַמֵּא אָדָם וְכֵלִים בִּכְזַיִת כִּבְשַׂר הַנְּבֵלָה:
5The fat of a kosher animal that died without ritual slaughter is ritually pure, as implied by Leviticus 7:24: "The fat of a domesticated animal that died or the fat of a domesticated animal that was torn to death may be used for any purpose." The license granted by this verse applies to an entity forbidden only because the animal had died or was torn to death. If such fat was made fit to contract impurity due to contact with liquids that convey that status, it is considered as impure food and not as the meat of a dead animal.Nevertheless, when one touches the fat the surrounds the kidney of a kosher domesticated animal that died without ritual slaughter before it was separated from the kidney, he is impure like one who touches the kidney itself. The rationale is that several strands of flesh from the kidney itself extend into the fat.With regard to a non-kosher domesticated animal and a wild animal, whether kosher or non-kosher, the same laws apply to both its meat and its fat with regard to ritual impurity. An olive-sized portion imparts impurity to a person and to keilim like the meat of a dead animal.
ו׳הַכְּוִי חֶלְבּוֹ מְטַמֵּא כִּבְשָׂרוֹ וְטֻמְאָתוֹ בְּסָפֵק. לְפִיכָךְ אֵין שׂוֹרְפִין עָלָיו תְּרוּמָה וְקָדָשִׁים וְאֵין חַיָּבִין כָּרֵת עַל טֻמְאָתוֹ וְעַל בִּיאַת הַמִּקְדָּשׁ אוֹ עַל אֲכִילַת קָדָשָׁיו:
6The fat of a ko'i imparts impurity like its meat does, but this impurity is of doubtful status. Therefore terumah and sacrificial foods are not burnt because of it, nor is one liable for karet for entering the Temple or partaking of sacrificial foods after touching it.
ז׳וְאֵלּוּ דְּבָרִים שֶׁאֵין מְטַמְּאִין מִן הַנְּבֵלוֹת. הָעֲצָמוֹת וְהַקַּרְנַיִם וְהַטְּלָפַיִם אֲפִלּוּ עִקָּרָן הָרַךְ שֶׁאִם יַחְתֹּךְ מִן הַחַי יוֹצֵא דָּם. וְהָעוֹר אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינוֹ מְעֻבָּד. וְהָאָלָל וְהַגִּידִים וְהַמָּרָק וְהַתַּבְלִין שֶׁמִּתְבַּשְּׁלִין עִמָּהּ. בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים בִּזְמַן שֶׁפֵּרְשׁוּ מִן הַנְּבֵלָה. אֲבָל הַנּוֹגֵעַ בְּאֶחָד מִכָּל אֵלּוּ כְּשֶׁהֵן מְחֻבָּרִין בַּבָּשָׂר הֲרֵי זֶה טָמֵא. וְהוּא שֶׁיִּהְיֶה בַּבָּשָׂר כְּזַיִת. שֶׁאֵין אֶחָד מִכָּל אֵלּוּ מִצְטָרֵף לִכְזַיִת:
7These are the parts of a carcass that do not impart impurity: the bones, the horns, and the hoofs; this includes even their soft portions that if cut off from a living animal would cause bleeding, the hide, even if has not been processed to use for other purposes, the pieces of flesh that remain attached to the hide when an animal is skinned, the sinews, sauce, and spices cooked with such meat.When does the above apply? When they were separated from an animal's carcass. If, however, one touches any of these entities while they are still attached to the meat of a carcass, he contracts impurity, provided there is an olive-sized portion of meat. For none of these can be included as part of that required olive-sized portion.
ח׳הָאָלָל בֵּין שֶׁפְּלָטַתּוּ חַיָּה בֵּין שֶׁפְּלָטַתּוּ סַכִּין אֵינוֹ מִצְטָרֵף לִכְזַיִת. וְאִם כְּנָסוֹ וְהָיָה בּוֹ כְּזַיִת מְטַמֵּא:
8The pieces of flesh that remain attached to the hide when an animal is skinned whether separated by a wild beast or by a knife should not be considered as part of an olive-sized portion. If the different pieces of flesh were collected and they comprised an olive-sized portion, they impart impurity.
ט׳וְאֵלּוּ בְּהֵמוֹת שֶׁעוֹרוֹתֵיהֶם כִּבְשָׂרָם. עוֹר חֲזִיר שֶׁל יִשּׁוּב וְעוֹר חֲטוֹטֶרֶת הַגָּמָל הָרַכָּה וְעוֹר בֵּית הַבֹּשֶׁת וְעוֹר הַשְּׁלִיל וְעוֹר שֶׁתַּחַת הָאַלְיָה. הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ מְטַמְּאִין מִן הַנְּבֵלָה. וְאִם עִבְּדָן אוֹ הָלַךְ בָּהֶן כְּדֵי עֲבוֹדָה הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ טְהוֹרִים. וְאִם עָשָׂה בָּהֶן מַעֲשֶׂה שֶׁבִּטְּלָן טְהוֹרִין אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא הָלַךְ בָּהֶן כְּדֵי עֲבוֹדָה. כֵּיצַד. אֹזֶן חֲמוֹר שֶׁטְּלָאָהּ לִכְפִיפָתוֹ טְהוֹרָה. כַּמָּה הוּא כְּדֵי עֲבוֹדָה אַרְבָּעָה מִילִין. וְאֵי זוֹ הִיא חֲטוֹטֶרֶת רַכָּה כָּל זְמַן שֶׁלֹּא טָעֲנָה. הִגִּיעַ זְמַנָּהּ לִטְעֹן וְלֹא טָעֲנָה אוֹ שֶׁטָּעֲנָה קדֶם שֶׁיַּגִּיעַ זְמַנָּהּ הֲרֵי זֶה סָפֵק:
9These are the parts of animals for which the hide is considered as their meat: the hide of a domesticated pig, the soft hide of a camel hump, the skin of the genital area, the skin of a fetus, and the skin below the fat-tail. Such portions of an animal carcass impart impurity. If one processed them or trod upon them to the extent necessary to process them, they are pure. If one performed a deed that negated their use as meat, they are pure even though he did not trod upon them to the extent necessary to process them.What is implied? If one used the ear of a donkey as the handle for his basket, it is pure. For how long must one tread on a hide in order to process it? For as long as it takes to walk four millin. What is meant by a soft camel hump? One that was never used for a burden. If a camel reached the age when it was fit to carry burdens, but one did not use it for that purpose or one used it for that purpose before it reached the appropriate age, it is questionable whether its status changes.
י׳הַמַּפְשִׁיט נִבְלַת בְּהֵמָה אוֹ חַיָּה בֵּין טְמֵאָה בֵּין טְהוֹרָה בֵּין דַּקָּה בֵּין גַּסָּה. אִם לִשְׁטִיחָה הִפְשִׁיט כֵּיוָן שֶׁהִפְשִׁיט מִן הָעוֹר כְּדֵי אֲחִיזָה וְהוּא שְׁנֵי טְפָחִים הַנּוֹגֵעַ בְּעוֹר זֶה שֶׁהֻפְשַׁט טָהוֹר. וְעַד שֶׁלֹּא הִפְשִׁיט שְׁנֵי טְפָחִים הַנּוֹגֵעַ בָּעוֹר כְּנוֹגֵעַ בַּבָּשָׂר. הִפְשִׁיטָהּ כְּדֵי לַעֲשׂוֹת מִן הָעוֹר חֵמֶת הֲרֵי הָעוֹר חִבּוּר עַד שֶׁיַּפְשִׁיט אֶת כָּל הֶחָזֶה. וְאִם הִפְשִׁיטָהּ מֵרַגְלֶיהָ בִּלְבַד הֲרֵי הָעוֹר כֻּלּוֹ חִבּוּר וְהַנּוֹגֵעַ בָּעוֹר כְּנוֹגֵעַ בַּבָּשָׂר עַד שֶׁיַּפְרִישׁ הָעוֹר כֻּלּוֹ מֵעַל הַבָּשָׂר. וְכֵן הַמַּפְשִׁיט בִּשְׁרָצִים חִבּוּר עַד שֶׁיַּפְשִׁיט כֻּלּוֹ. עוֹר שֶׁעַל הַצַּוָּאר חִבּוּר עַד שֶׁיַּפְשִׁיט כֻּלּוֹ. וְכָל עוֹר שֶׁהוּא חִבּוּר לְטַמֵּא כָּךְ הוּא חִבּוּר לְהִתְטַמֵּא. שֶׁאִם הָיְתָה שְׁחוּטָה וְנָגְעָה טֻמְאָה בְּעוֹר זֶה שֶׁהוּא חִבּוּר נִטְמָא הַבָּשָׂר:
10The following laws apply when one skins the carcass of a domesticated or a wild animal, whether from a kosher species or a non-kosher one, whether it is a small animal or a large animal. If he skins it to use as a mat, as soon as he skins a portion of the hide sufficient to hold onto, i.e., two handbreadths, one who touches the hide that was skinned is pure. Before it is skinned two handbreadths, one who touches the hide is like one who touches meat.If one skins the animal in order to use its hide for a flask, the hide is considered as connected to the carcass until one skins the entire breast. If one skins an animal from its feet alone, the entire hide is considered as connected. One who touches the hide is like one who touches the meat until the hide is entirely separated from the meat. Similarly, when one skins the hide of crawling animals, the hide is considered as connected until it is skinned in its entirety. Similarly, the hide that is around an animal's neck is considered as connected until it is removed in its entirety.Any hide that is considered as connected with regard to imparting ritual impurity is also considered as connected with regard to contracting ritual impurity, i.e., if an animal was slaughtered and impurity touched this hide that was connected to the meat, the meat contracts impurity.
י״אעוֹר שֶׁיֵּשׁ עָלָיו כְּזַיִת נְבֵלָה הַנּוֹגֵעַ בַּצִּיב הַיּוֹצֵא מִמֶּנּוּ וּבִשְׂעָרוֹ שֶׁכְּנֶגְדוֹ מֵאֲחוֹרֵי הָעוֹר נִטְמָא מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהָעוֹר בִּשְׂעָרוֹ שׁוֹמֵר לַבָּשָׂר. בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים שֶׁפְּלָטַתּוּ חַיָּה. אֲבָל פְּלָטַתּוּ סַכִּין אִם הָיָה מְרֻדָּד בָּטֵל אַגַּב הָעוֹר:
11When there is a hide that has an olive-sized portion of meat from a carcass on it, if one touches a strand of the hide that extends outward from the meat or the hair on the other side of the hide that is opposite the meat, he contracts impurity. The rationale is that the hide and its hair are considered as "protecting" the meat.When does the above apply? When the meat was left over by an animal. When it was left over by a knife, it is considered insignificant with regard to the hide if it was thin.
י״בעוֹר שֶׁיֵּשׁ עָלָיו כִּשְׁנֵי חֲצָאֵי זֵיתִים בְּשַׂר נְבֵלָה הָעוֹר מְבַטְּלָן וְאֵינָן מְטַמְּאִין לֹא בְּמַגָּע וְלֹא בְּמַשָּׂא. שֶׁכָּל שֶׁאֵינוֹ מְטַמֵּא מִן הַנְּבֵלָה בְּמַגָּע אֵינוֹ מְטַמֵּא בְּמַשָּׂא. אֲבָל שְׁנֵי חֲצָאֵי זֵיתִים שֶׁתְּחָבָן בְּקֵיסָם הַנּוֹשְׂאָן טָמֵא שֶׁהֲרֵי נָשָׂא כְּזַיִת וְהַנּוֹגֵעַ טָהוֹר שֶׁאֵין חִבּוּרֵי אָדָם חִבּוּר וְהוּא שֶׁיִּהְיוּ שְׁנֵיהֶן מְרֻדָּדִין וּדְבוּקִין זֶה בָּזֶה עַד שֶׁיִּנָּטְלוּ כְּאֶחָד. אֲבָל אִם הָיָה חֲצִי זַיִת זֶה בִּפְנֵי עַצְמוֹ וְזֶה בִּפְנֵי עַצְמוֹ בְּקֵיסָם אֶחָד אֲפִלּוּ הוֹלִיךְ וְהֵבִיא כָּל הַיּוֹם כֻּלּוֹ טָהוֹר:
12When there are two pieces of meat, each half the size of an olive-sized portion on a hide, the hide causes them to be considered as insignificant. They do not impart impurity, neither when touched, nor when carried. The rationale is that any portion of a carcass that does not impart impurity when touched does not impart impurity when carried.If, however, one skewered two pieces, each half the size of an olive-sized portion, one who carries them is impure because he carried an olive-sized portion of meat from a carcass. One who touches them, by contrast, is pure, because something joined by man is not considered as joined. The liability for carrying the pieces of meat applies provided both pieces are flattened and stuck together so that they are picked up together. If, however, the two half olive-sized portion were separate entities, but held on the same skewer, the person is pure even if he carries them back and forth the entire day.
י״גבְּשַׂר נְבֵלָה שֶׁנִּפְסַד וְהִבְאִישׁ וְנִפְסַל מִלֶּאֱכל הַכֶּלֶב טָהוֹר. לְפִיכָךְ נֶצֶל הַנְּבֵלָה סָפֵק אִם מְטַמֵּא בִּכְזַיִת אִם לֹא. בְּשַׂר נְבֵלָה שֶׁיָּבַשׁ אִם יָכוֹל לִשְׁרוֹת בְּפוֹשְׁרִין מֵעֵת לְעֵת וְלַחֲזֹר לַח וְרָאוּי לַכֶּלֶב מְטַמֵּא וְאִם לָאו טָהוֹר וַאֲפִלּוּ כָּאֳכָלִין טְמֵאִין אֵינוֹ מִטַּמֵא:
13When the meat of a carcass decomposes, becomes spoiled, and is no longer fit for a dog to eat, it is pure. Accordingly, there is an unresolved doubt whether the netzal of an animal carcass imparts impurity or not.The following laws apply when the meat from a carcass dries out. If it would return to a moist state and be fit for a dog to eat when left to soak in lukewarm water for an entire day, it imparts impurity. If not, it is pure. It does not even impart impurity like impure foods do.
י״דבְּשַׂר נְבֵלָה שֶׁהָיָה סָרוּחַ מֵעִקָּרוֹ וְאֵינוֹ רָאוּי לְמַאֲכַל אָדָם הֲרֵי זֶה טָהוֹר שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יד כא) "לַגֵּר אֲשֶׁר בִּשְׁעָרֶיךָ תִּתְּנֶנָּה וַאֲכָלָהּ" עַד שֶׁתִּהְיֶה תְּחִלָּתָהּ רְאוּיָה לְגֵר:
14When the meat of an animal carcass was decomposed at the outset and was not fit for human consumption, it is pure, as can be inferred from Deuteronomy 14:21: "Give it to the stranger in your gate and he will eat it." At the outset, it must be fit for a stranger to eat.
ט״ושִׁלְיָא שֶׁל נְבֵלָה הֲרֵי הִיא כְּפֶרֶשׁ וּכְרֶעִי וְאֵינָהּ מְטַמְּאָה כִּנְבֵלָה. וְאִם חָשַׁב עָלֶיהָ לַאֲכִילָה מִתְטַמֵּא טֻמְאַת אֳכָלִין. הַקֵּבָה וְהֶחָלָב שֶׁל נְבֵלָה טְהוֹרִין מִכְּלוּם:
15A placenta found in an animal carcass is considered as waste matter and feces. It does not impart impurity like a carcass. If the person had in mind to eat it, it is susceptible to the impurity associated with food. The dried milk in the stomach and the liquid milk in the stomach of a carcass are entirely pure.
ט״זבְּהֵמָה שֶׁשָּׁפְעָה חֲרָרַת דָּם אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁנִּפְטְרָה מִן הַבְּכוֹרָה אֵינָהּ מְטַמְּאָה לֹא בְּמַגָּע וְלֹא בְּמַשָּׂא עַד שֶׁיִּהְיֶה בָּהּ צוּרַת נֵפֶל לְפִי שֶׁהִיא בְּטֵלָה בָּרֹב הַיּוֹצֵא עִמָּהּ. לְפִיכָךְ הִיא טְהוֹרָה אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהָיְתָה רְאוּיָה לַגֵּר אַגַּב אִמָּהּ:
16When an animal discharges coagulated blood, even though such a discharge makes it exempt from the laws of the firstborn, it does not impart impurity, neither when touched, nor when carried unless there is the form of a fetus recognizable. The rationale is that it is nullified because there is a majority of other substances that are discharged with it. Therefore, it is pure even though it was initially fit for a stranger to eat together with its mother.
י״זנְבֵלָה שֶׁנִּתְעָרְבָה בִּשְׁחוּטָה אִם רֹב מִן הַשְּׁחוּטָה בְּטֵלָה הַנְּבֵלָה בַּשְּׁחוּטָה וְאֵין הַכּל מְטַמֵּא בְּמַגָּע. אֲבָל אִם נָשָׂא הַכּל נִטְמָא שֶׁאִי אֶפְשָׁר לִשְׁחוּטָה שֶׁתַּחְזֹר נְבֵלָה אֲבָל הַנְּבֵלָה אֶפְשָׁר שֶׁתִּטְהַר כְּשֶׁתִּסְרַח לְפִיכָךְ תִּבָּטֵל:
17The following laws apply when the carcass of an animal that was not slaughtered became intermingled with that of a slaughtered animal. If the majority of the meat is from the ritually slaughtered animal, the meat from the carcass is considered as insignificant and none of the mixture imparts impurity when touched. If, however, one carries the entire mixture, he contracts impurity.The reason why the meat of the carcass can be considered insignificant is that it is impossible for the ritually slaughtered meat to be considered as a carcass, but the carcass can become pure if it becomes putrefied. Therefore it can become nullified.
ב׳
א׳בְּהֵמָה אוֹ חַיָּה טְמֵאָה שֶׁנִּשְׁחֲטָה אֵינָהּ מְטַמְּאָה מִשּׁוּם נְבֵלָה כָּל זְמַן שֶׁהִיא מְפַרְכֶּסֶת עַד שֶׁיַּתִּיז אֶת רֹאשָׁהּ וַהֲרֵי הִיא כָּאֳכָלִין טְמֵאִין. נְחָרָהּ וַהֲרֵי הִיא מְפַרְכֶּסֶת אֵין בָּהּ אֲפִלּוּ טֻמְאַת אֳכָלִין כָּל זְמַן שֶׁהִיא מְפַרְכֶּסֶת. וְאֵיבָר הַפּוֹרֵשׁ מִן הַמְפַרְכֶּסֶת אָסוּר לִבְנֵי נֹחַ כְּפוֹרֵשׁ מִן הַחַי וּבָשָׂר הַפּוֹרֵשׁ מִמֶּנָּה כְּפוֹרֵשׁ מִן הַחַי. וְכֵן טְהוֹרָה שֶׁנִּפְסְלָה בִּשְׁחִיטָתָהּ וַעֲדַיִן הִיא מְפַרְכֶּסֶת אוֹ שָׁחַט בָּהּ אֶחָד אוֹ רֹב אֶחָד אֵין לָהּ טֻמְאָה כְּלָל עַד שֶׁתָּמוּת. חָלַק בְּהֵמָה לִשְׁנַיִם אוֹ שֶׁנִּטְּלָה יָרֵךְ וְחָלָל שֶׁלָּהּ הֲרֵי זוֹ נְבֵלָה וּמְטַמְּאָהּ בְּמַשָּׂא וּבְמַגָּע אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהִיא עֲדַיִן בַּחַיִּים. וְכֵן אִם קְרָעָהּ מִגַּבָּהּ אוֹ שֶׁנִּשְׁבְּרָה מִפְרֶקֶת וְרֹב בָּשָׂר עַמָּהּ הֲרֵי זוֹ כִּנְבֵלָה לְכָל דָּבָר:
1When a non-kosher domesticated animal or wild animal was slaughtered, it does not impart the impurity of a carcass as long as it is in its death-throes unless its head is cut off. Instead, it is considered as impure food. If it is killed by being stabbed in the throat and it is in its death throes, as long as it makes convulsive movements, it is not even considered as impure food.A limb that is separated from an animal that is making convulsive movements is forbidden to a Noachide, as if it were separated from a living animal. And meat that is separated from it is considered as having been separated from a living animal. Similarly, when a kosher animal is slaughtered in an unacceptable manner and it is still making convulsive movements or one of its signs or the majority of one was slit, it is not considered impure at all until it dies.If one divides an animal in half or one removes its thigh and its inner cavity, it is considered as a carcass and it imparts impurity when carried and when touched, even though it shows signs of life. Similarly, if it was ripped apart from its back or its back bone was broken and the majority of the meat around it severed, it is considered as a carcass in all contexts.
ב׳בְּהֵמָה שֶׁמֵּת עֻבָּרָהּ בְּתוֹךְ מֵעֶיהָ וְהוֹשִׁיט הָרוֹעֶה אֶת יָדוֹ וְנָגַע בּוֹ בֵּין בִּבְהֵמָה טְמֵאָה בֵּין בִּטְהוֹרָה הֲרֵי זֶה הַנּוֹגֵעַ טָהוֹר עַד שֶׁיֵּצֵא הַנֵּפֶל לַאֲוִיר הָעוֹלָם:
2When the fetus of an animal dies within its womb and a shepherd inserts his hand and touches it - whether it is a non-kosher species or a kosher species - the shepherd who touches it is considered pure until he removes the stillborn animal from the womb.
ג׳בָּשָׂר הַפּוֹרֵשׁ מִבְּהֵמָה וְחַיָּה כְּשֶׁהֵן חַיִּין בֵּין טְהוֹרִין בֵּין טְמֵאִין טָהוֹר וְאֵינוֹ מְטַמֵּא כִּנְבֵלָה. אֲבָל אֵיבָר מִן הַחַי הַפּוֹרֵשׁ מֵהֶן מְטַמֵּא כִּנְבֵלָה. אֶחָד אֵיבָר מִן הַחַי הַפּוֹרֵשׁ מִן הַבְּהֵמָה עַצְמָהּ אוֹ אֵיבָר הַפּוֹרֵשׁ מִן הַשָּׁלִיל שֶׁבְּבִטְנָהּ. וְהָאֵיבָרִים אֵין לָהֶן שִׁעוּר אֲפִלּוּ הָיָה כִּשְׂעוֹרָה אוֹ פָּחוֹת מְטַמֵּא וְהוּא שֶׁיִּהְיֶה הָאֵיבָר כִּבְרִיָּתוֹ בָּשָׂר וְגִידִין וַעֲצָמוֹת וְיִהְיֶה עָלָיו בָּשָׂר כְּדֵי לְהַעֲלוֹת אֲרוּכָה. הָיָה הַבָּשָׂר פָּחוֹת מֵהַעֲלוֹת אֲרוּכָה בְּחַי אוֹ חָסַר עַצְמוֹ טָהוֹר:
3Meat that is separated from a domesticated or wild animal - whether from a kosher species or a non-kosher species - in their lifetime is ritually pure and does not impart impurity as a carcass does. When, however, an entire limb is separated from a living animal, it does impart impurity as a carcass does. This applies to a limb from a living animal itself or from a fetus in its womb.There is no minimum measure to the size of a limb. Even if it is the size of a barley-corn or smaller, it imparts impurity provided it was intact as when it came into being with flesh, sinews, and bones. It must have enough flesh to regenerate and return to a state of wholeness. If the limb did not have enough flesh to return to a state of wholeness or the bone was lacking, it is pure.
ד׳הַכֻּלְיָא וְהַלָּשׁוֹן וְהַשָּׂפָה וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהֵן אֵיבָרִים וְאֵין עוֹשִׂין חֲלִיפִין הוֹאִיל וְאֵין בָּהֶם עֶצֶם הֲרֵי הֵן כְּבָשָׂר:
4A kidney, the tongue, the lips, and like - even though they are organs and will not regenerate - are considered as meat in this context, because they do not have bones.
ה׳הַבָּשָׂר אוֹ הָאֵיבָר הַמְדֻלְדָּלִין בִּבְהֵמָה אוֹ חַיָּה שֶׁאֵינָן יְכוֹלִין לִחְיוֹת וּלְהַדְבִּיק בִּשְׁאָר הַגּוּף אֵינָן מְטַמְּאִין כִּנְבֵלָה כָּל זְמַן שֶׁהַבְּהֵמָה בַּחַיִּים וַהֲרֵי הֵן כִּשְׁאָר אֳכָלִין אִם הֻכְשְׁרוּ מְקַבְּלִין טֻמְאָה בִּמְקוֹמָהּ. נִשְׁחֲטָה הַבְּהֵמָה הֻכְשְׁרוּ בִּשְׁחִיטָה וְאֵינָן מְטַמְּאִין כִּנְבֵלָה שֶׁאֵין הַשְּׁחִיטָה עוֹשָׂה אוֹתָן כְּמוֹ שֶׁפֵּרְשׁוּ מֵחַיִּים. אֲבָל אִם מֵתָה הַבְּהֵמָה הַבָּשָׂר שֶׁהָיָה מְדֻלְדָּל בָּהּ צָרִיךְ הֶכְשֵׁר. וְהָאֵיבָר מְטַמֵּא מִשּׁוּם אֵיבָר מִן הַחַי וְאֵינוֹ מְטַמֵּא מִשּׁוּם אֵיבָר מִן הַנְּבֵלָה. וּמַה בֵּין אֵיבָר מִן הַחַי לְאֵיבָר מִן הַנְּבֵלָה. שֶׁהַבָּשָׂר הַפּוֹרֵשׁ מֵאֵיבָר מִן הַחַי טָהוֹר. וְהַבָּשָׂר הַפּוֹרֵשׁ מֵאֵיבָר מִן הַנְּבֵלָה מְטַמֵּא בִּכְזַיִת בְּמַגָּע וּבְמַשָּׂא. וְזֶה וְזֶה שָׁוִין לְשִׁעוּר:
5The flesh or a limb of a domesticated or wild animal that could not regain its vitality and reconnect with the remainder of the body does not impart impurity as a carcass does as long as the animal is alive. Instead, they are considered as like other edible substances. If they were made fit to contract impurity, they can contract impurity while attached to the animal.If the animal was slaughtered, the slaughter causes the flesh or the limb that had been maimed to be considered fit to contract impurity, but they do not impart impurity as a carcass does. For the slaughter of the animal does not cause them to be considered as if they were separated from the animal during its lifetime. If, by contrast, the animal died, the flesh that was hanging loosely from it during its lifetime must be made fit to contract ritual impurity and a limb that had been hanging loosely imparts impurity as a limb from a living animal and not as a limb from a carcass.What is the difference between a limb from a living animal and a limb from a carcass? Meat that was cut from a limb separated from a living animal is pure, while meat cut from a carcass imparts impurity when touched or carried if an olive-sized portion is present. The same measure applies in both instances.
ו׳טְרֵפָה שֶׁנִּשְׁחֲטָה שְׁחִיטָה כְּשֵׁרָה אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהִיא אֲסוּרָה בַּאֲכִילָה הֲרֵי הִיא טְהוֹרָה. וְכֵן הַשּׁוֹחֵט אֶת הַבְּהֵמָה וּמָצָא בָּהּ עֵבָּר מֵת שְׁחִיטַת אִמּוֹ מְטַהַרְתּוֹ מִידֵי נְבֵלָה. מָצָא בָּהּ בֶּן שְׁמוֹנָה חַי נִטְרַף. אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁנִּשְׁחַט אַחַר שֶׁנִּטְרַף אֵין שְׁחִיטָתוֹ מְטַהֲרַתּוּ מִיָּדִי נְבֵלָה לְפִי שֶׁאֵין לְמִינוֹ שְׁחִיטָה. לְפִיכָךְ וְלַד בְּהֵמָה שֶׁלֹּא שָׁהָה שִׁבְעָה יָמִים גְּמוּרִין אִם שְׁחָטוֹ בְּתוֹךְ שִׁבְעָה אֵין שְׁחִיטָתוֹ מְטַהֲרַתּוּ מִידֵי נְבֵלָה מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא כְּנֵפֶל:
6When an animal that was tereifah was slaughtered in a proper manner, even though it is forbidden to be eaten, it is pure. Similarly, when a person slaughters an animal and discovers a dead fetus, the slaughter of its mother purifies it from imparting the impurity associated with a carcass.If one discovers a fetus that is in its eighth month and is alive, it is considered as a tereifah. Even if it is slaughtered after it was deemed tereifah, the slaughter does not prevent it from imparting the impurity associated with a carcass. The rationale is that there is no concept of ritual slaughter for an animal of this type.Based on this logic, when the offspring of an animal was not kept for seven full days before it was slaughtered, the slaughter does not prevent it from imparting the impurity associated with a carcass, because such an animal is considered like a non-viable offspring.
ז׳הַשּׁוֹחֵט אֶת הַבְּהֵמָה וּמָצָא בָּהּ בֶּן תִּשְׁעָה חַי קֹדֶם שֶׁיַּהֲלֹךְ עַל הַקַּרְקַע אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין צָרִיךְ שְׁחִיטָה כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ שֶׁהֲרֵי שְׁחִיטַת אִמּוֹ מְטַהֲרַתּוּ אִם נִטְמֵאת אִמּוֹ לֹא נִטְמָא הוּא. וְאִם נִתְנַבְּלָה אִמּוֹ הֲרֵי הוּא טָהוֹר שֶׁאֵין הַחַי מִתְטַמֵּא לֹא טֻמְאַת אֳכָלִין וְלֹא טֻמְאַת נְבֵלוֹת וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהוּא כְּאֵיבָר מֵאֵיבָרֶיהָ. וְאִם מֵת קֹדֶם שֶׁיַּפְרִיס עַל גַּבֵּי קַרְקַע הֲרֵי הוּא טָהוֹר שֶׁשְּׁחִיטַת אִמּוֹ טִהֲרַתּוּ:
7As explained, when a person slaughters an animal and finds a living fetus that has been carried for nine months, ritual slaughter is not required before it steps on the ground, because the slaughter of its mother causes it to be considered as pure. Nevertheless, if its mother becomes impure before the fetus was removed, the fetus does not contract impurity. If the slaughter of its mother was not performed successfully and the mother became considered as a carcass, the living fetus remains pure. The rationale is that a living being does not contract impurity at all, not the impurity associated with foods, nor the impurity associated with a carcass, even though it is considered as one of the limbs of the mother. If it dies before it steps on the ground, it is pure, because the slaughter of its mother causes it to be deemed pure.
ח׳טְרֵפָה שֶׁנִּשְׁחֲטָה אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהִיא טְהוֹרָה מִן הַתּוֹרָה אִם נָגַע בָּהּ הֶקְדֵּשׁ נִטְמָא מִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים וְזוֹ מַעֲלָה יְתֵרָה שֶׁעָשׂוּ בְּקֹדֶשׁ:
8When an animal that is tereifah was slaughtered, even though its meat is pure according to Scriptural Law, if meat from a sacrificial animal touches it, the sacrificial meat contracts impurity according to Rabbinic Law. This is an added stringency applied with regard to consecrated foods.
ט׳בְּהֵמָה הַמַּקְשָׁה לֵילֵד וְהוֹצִיא הָעֻבָּר אֶת יָדוֹ וַחֲתָכָהּ וְאַחַר כָּךְ שָׁחַט אֶת אִמּוֹ הָאֵיבָר שֶׁנֶּחְתַּךְ נְבֵלָה וּשְׁאָר בְּשַׂר הָעֻבָּר טָהוֹר. שָׁחַט אֶת אִמּוֹ וְאַחַר כָּךְ חֲתָכָהּ הָאֵיבָר כִּטְרֵפָה שֶׁנִּשְׁחֲטָה וּשְׁאָר בְּשַׂר הָעֻבָּר מַגַּע טְרֵפָה שְׁחוּטָה שֶׁהִיא מְטַמְּאָה אֶת הַקֹּדֶשׁ אֲבָל לֹא אֶת הַתְּרוּמָה. הוֹצִיא הָעֻבָּר אֶת יָדוֹ בֵּין שְׁחִיטַת סִימָן לִשְׁחִיטַת סִימָן וַחֲתָכוֹ מִצְטָרֵף שְׁחִיטַת סִימָן לְסִימָן לְטַהֵר הָאֵיבָר מִידֵי נְבֵלָה:
9The following laws apply when an animal had difficulty birthing its offspring. If, after the fetus stuck out its foot and it was cut off, the mother was then slaughtered, the limb that was cut off is considered as if it was from a carcass, but the remainder of the meat of the fetus is pure.If the mother was slaughtered and then the limb was cut off, the limb is considered as the meat of a tereifah animal that was slaughtered. The remainder of the meat of the fetus is considered as meat that touched a tereifah animal that was slaughtered which imparts impurity to consecrated foods, but not to terumah.If the fetus stuck out its foot between the slaughter of one sign and the other and it was cut off, the slitting of the second sign is joined to the slitting of the first to purify the limb from imparting impurity as a carcass does.
י׳שְׁחִיטַת עַכּוּ"ם נְבֵלָה וּמְטַמְּאָה בְּמַשָּׂא וַאֲפִלּוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל עוֹמֵד עַל גַּבָּיו. וְאִם שָׁחַט בְּסַכִּין יָפָה שְׁחִיטָה כָּרָאוּי אֶחָד הָעַכּוּ"ם וְאֶחָד הַכּוּתִי אוֹ גֵּר תּוֹשָׁב שְׁחִיטָתָן נְבֵלָה. וְקָרוֹב בְּעֵינַי שֶׁאַף זֶה מִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים שֶׁהֲרֵי טֻמְאַת עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה וְטֻמְאַת תִּקְרָבְתָּהּ מִדִּבְרֵיהֶם כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר. וּבִגְלַל עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה נִתְרַחֲקוּ הַכּוּתִים וְנֶאֶסְרָה שְׁחִיטָתָן. וְאִם תֹּאמַר וַהֲלֹא הִיא אֲסוּרָה בַּאֲכִילָה דִּין תּוֹרָה. לֹא כָּל הָאָסוּר בַּאֲכִילָה מְטַמֵּא שֶׁהֲרֵי הַטְּרֵפָה אֲסוּרָה וּטְהוֹרָה. וְאִי אֶפְשָׁר לְחַיֵּב כָּרֵת עַל טֻמְאָה זוֹ עַל בִּיאַת מִקְדָּשׁ וַאֲכִילַת קָדָשָׁיו אֶלָּא בִּרְאָיָה בְּרוּרָה:
10When a non-Jew slaughters an animal, it is considered as a carcass and imparts impurity when carried. This applies even when a Jew is supervising him and even if he slaughtered it properly with an acceptable knife. Whether the slaughterer is a gentile, a Samaritan, or a resident alien, his slaughter causes the animal to be considered as a carcass.According to my estimation, this is also a Rabbinical decree, for the impurity imparted by false deities and objects offered to them is a Rabbinical decree, as will be explained. And it is because of their worship of false deities that the Samaritans were distanced and their slaughter forbidden. If you will ask: According to Scriptural Law, it is forbidden to partake of an animal which they slaughtered? In resolution, it can be said that not everything that is forbidden to be eaten imparts impurity. For an animal that is tereifah, but which was slaughtered properly, is forbidden to be eaten, but is ritually pure. It is impossible to obligate a person for karet for such impurity for entering the Temple or for partaking of sacrificial foods unless one can clearly prove his assertion that he contracted impurity.
י״אקוּלְיַית הַנְּבֵלָה הַנּוֹגֵעַ בָּהּ אוֹ נוֹשְׂאָהּ טָהוֹר שֶׁכָּל דָּבָר מִן הַנְּבֵלָה שֶׁאֵינוֹ מְטַמֵּא בְּמַגָּע אֵינוֹ מְטַמֵּא בְּמַשָּׂא. נִקְּבָה כָּל שֶׁהוּא הַנּוֹגֵעַ בָּהּ אוֹ נוֹשְׂאָהּ טָמֵא. בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים כְּשֶׁהָיָה הַמֹּחַ שֶׁבָּהּ מִתְקַשְׁקֵשׁ שֶׁהֲרֵי אֵינָהּ מַעֲלָה אֲרוּכָה. אֲבָל אִם הָיָה עוֹמֵד בִּמְקוֹמוֹ אִם יֵשׁ בּוֹ כְּדֵי לְהַעֲלוֹת אֲרוּכָה לָעֶצֶם מִבַּחוּץ הֲרֵי זוֹ מְטַמְּאָה בְּמַגָּע וּבְמַשָּׂא כְּכָל הָאֵיבָרִים. וּכְבָר פֵּרַשְׁנוּ שֶׁהַקּוּלִית הִיא הָעֶצֶם הַסָּתוּם מִכָּל צְדָדָיו:
11When a person touches or carries the thigh bone of a dead animal, he is pure. The rationale is that any portion of an animal's carcass that does not impart impurity when touched, does not impart impurity when carried. If, however, it was perforated to the slightest degree, one who touches it or carries it contracts impurity.When does the above apply? When the marrow in it rattles, for, in that state, it would not regenerate flesh were the animal to be alive. If, however, it is in its natural place and it has sufficient marrow that it could regenerate flesh on the outside of the bone, it imparts impurity when touched or carried like other limbs. We have already explained that a thigh-bone is closed on all sides.
י״בקוּלִית שֶׁחָשַׁב עָלֶיהָ לְנַקְּבָהּ וַעֲדַיִן לֹא נִקְּבָהּ הֲרֵי הַנּוֹגֵעַ בָּהּ סָפֵק טָמֵא. שֶׁהֲרֵי יֵשׁ בַּדָּבָר סָפֵק אִי מְחֻסַּר נְקִיבָה כִּמְחֻסַּר מַעֲשֶׂה אוֹ לֹא:
12When a person thought of perforating a thigh bone, but had not done so as of yet, one who touches it contracts impurity of a doubtful status. For there is an unresolved question whether the fact that he has not perforated the bone as of yet is considered as not having carried out a significant deed or not.