א׳
א׳הַשּׁוֹאֵל כֵּלִים אוֹ בְּהֵמָה וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן מִשְּׁאָר מִטַּלְטְלִין מֵחֲבֵרוֹ וְאָבַד אוֹ נִגְנַב אֲפִלּוּ נֶאֱנַס אֹנֶס גָּדוֹל כְּגוֹן שֶׁנִּשְׁבְּרָה הַבְּהֵמָה אוֹ נִשְׁבֵּית אוֹ מֵתָה חַיָּב לְשַׁלֵּם הַכּל שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות כב יג) "וְכִי יִשְׁאַל אִישׁ מֵעִם רֵעֵהוּ" וְגוֹ' (שמות כב יג) "וְנִשְׁבַּר אוֹ מֵת בְּעָלָיו אֵין עִמּוֹ שַׁלֵּם יְשַׁלֵּם". בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים כְּשֶׁנֶּאֱנַס שֶׁלֹּא בִּשְׁעַת מְלָאכָה. אֲבָל אִם שָׁאַל בְּהֵמָה מֵחֲבֵרוֹ לַחְרשׁ בָּהּ וּמֵתָה כְּשֶׁהִיא חוֹרֶשֶׁת הֲרֵי זֶה פָּטוּר. אֲבָל אִם מֵתָה קֹדֶם שֶׁיַּחֲרשׁ בָּהּ אוֹ אַחַר שֶׁחָרַשׁ בָּהּ אוֹ שֶׁרָכַב עָלֶיהָ אוֹ דָּשׁ בָּהּ וּמֵתָה כְּשֶׁהִיא דָּשָׁה אוֹ בִּשְׁעַת רְכִיבָה הֲרֵי זֶה חַיָּב לְשַׁלֵּם. וְכֵן כָּל כַּיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה. וְכֵן הַשּׁוֹאֵל בְּהֵמָה מֵחֲבֵרוֹ לֵילֵךְ בָּהּ לְמָקוֹם פְּלוֹנִי וּמֵתָה תַּחְתָּיו בְּאוֹתָהּ הַדֶּרֶךְ. אוֹ שֶׁשָּׁאַל דְּלִי לְמַלְּאוֹת בּוֹ וְנִקְרַע בַּבּוֹר בִּשְׁעַת מִלּוּי. אוֹ שֶׁשָּׁאַל קַרְדֹּם לְפַצֵּל בּוֹ עֵצִים וְנִשְׁבַּר בְּעֵת שֶׁפִּצֵּל בּוֹ מֵחֲמַת הַבִּקּוּעַ. וְכָל כַּיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה. הֲרֵי זֶה פָּטוּר שֶׁלֹּא שָׁאַל אֶלָּא לַעֲשׂוֹת בּוֹ מְלָאכָה זוֹ וַהֲרֵי לֹא שִׁנָּה:
1When a person borrows utensils, an animal or other movable property from a colleague, and it is lost or stolen, or even if it is destroyed by factors beyond his control - e.g., an animal is injured, taken captive or dies - the borrower is required to make restitution for the entire worth of the article, as stated in Exodus 22:13: "If a person borrows an animal from a colleague and it will become injured or die, and the owner is not with him, he must make financial restitution."When does the above apply? When the loss due to factors beyond his control does not take place while the borrower is working with the animal. If, however, a person borrows a colleague's animal to plow, and it dies while plowing, the borrower is not liable. If, however, the animal dies before he plowed with it or after he plowed with it, or he rode upon it or threshed with it and the animal died while he was threshing or riding, the borrower is liable to make financial restitution. Similar laws apply in all analogous situations.Similarly, if a person borrows an animal to travel to a particular place and the animal dies under him on that journey, he borrows a bucket to fill water with it and it falls apart in the cistern while he is filling it, he borrows a hatchet to split wood and it breaks because of the chopping while he is splitting the wood, he is not liable. Similar laws apply in all analogous situations. The rationale is that he borrowed the article solely to perform this task, and he did not deviate from his original request.
ב׳הַשּׁוֹאֵל בְּהֵמָה מֵחֲבֵרוֹ וּמֵתָה וְטָעַן הַשּׁוֹאֵל שֶׁבִּשְׁעַת מְלָאכָה מֵתָה. אִם הָיָה הַמָּקוֹם שֶׁשָּׁאֲלָה לֵילֵךְ בּוֹ מָקוֹם שֶׁבְּנֵי אָדָם מְצוּיִין שָׁם יָבִיא רְאָיָה שֶׁמֵּתָה אוֹ נֶאֶנְסָה בִּשְׁעַת מְלָאכָה וְשֶׁלֹּא שִׁנָּה בָּהּ וְיִפָּטֵר. וְאִם לֹא הֵבִיא רְאָיָה מְשַׁלֵּם. שְאֲלָה מִמֶּנּוּ לְמַלְּאוֹת בָּהּ עָפָר שֶׁבְּחֻרְבָּתוֹ שֶׁאֵין הָעֵדִים מְצוּיִין שָׁם. אוֹ שֶׁשָּׁאַל מִמֶּנּוּ דְּלִי לְמַלְּאוֹת בּוֹ הַבּוֹר בְּתוֹךְ בֵּיתוֹ וְנִקְרַע בַּבּוֹר. אִם הֵבִיא רְאָיָה יִפָּטֵר אַף מִשְּׁבוּעָה וְאִם לָאו יִשָּׁבַע הַשּׁוֹאֵל שְׁבוּעַת הַשּׁוֹמְרִים שֶׁמֵּתָה בִּשְׁעַת מְלָאכָה וְיִפָּטֵר. וְכֵן כָּל כַּיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה:
2The following rules apply when a person borrows an animal from a colleague, it dies, and the borrower claims that it died while in the midst of work. If he borrowed it to travel to a place where people are commonly present, he must bring witnesses who testify that it died or it was destroyed by forces beyond his control while he was working with it, and he did not deviate from his original request. He is then freed of liability. If he does not bring proof, he is liable.Different rules apply when a person borrows an animal to fill up the earth in his ruin, i.e., a place where it is not common for witnesses to be present, or he borrowed a bucket to fill the cistern in his house and the bucket was destroyed in the cistern. If he brings proof that the animal or the object was destroyed in the process of performing the task for which it was borrowed, he is not liable even to take an oath. If he cannot bring proof, he must take the oath required of watchmen that the animal died during the performance of the task for which it was borrowed. Similar laws apply in all analogous situations.
ג׳הַשּׁוֹאֵל כְּלִי מֵחֲבֵרוֹ וְנִשְׁבַּר שָׁמִין לוֹ כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁשָּׁמִין בִּנְזָקִין. אוֹמְדִין כַּמָּה הָיָה שָׁוֶה שָׁלֵם וְכַמָּה הוּא שָׁוֶה עַתָּה וּמַחֲזִיר לוֹ הַכְּלִי אוֹ הַבְּהֵמָה הַשְּׁבוּרָה וּמְשַׁלֵּם הַפְּחָת. וְכֵן אִם מֵתָה הַבְּהֵמָה מַחְזִיר הַנְּבֵלָה וּמְשַׁלֵּם הַפְּחָת:
3When a person borrows a utensil from a colleague and it breaks, the utensil is evaluated in the same way as a utensil one damages is evaluated. We evaluate how much the object was worth while it was complete and how much it is worth in its present state. The borrower returns the broken utensil or the injured animal to the owner and makes financial restitution for the damages. Similarly, if the animal dies, he may return the carcass and make restitution for the animal's decrease in value.
ד׳הַשּׁוֹאֵל בְּהֵמָה חַיָּב בִּמְזוֹנוֹתֶיהָ מִשָּׁעָה שֶׁמְּשָׁכָהּ עַד סוֹף יְמֵי שְׁאֵלָתָהּ. וְאִם כָּחַשׁ בְּשָׂרָהּ חַיָּב לְשַׁלֵּם מַה שֶּׁפָּחֲתָה בְּדָמֶיהָ. כָּחַשׁ בְּשָׂרָהּ מֵחֲמַת הַמְּלָאכָה פָּטוּר וְיִשָּׁבַע שְׁבוּעַת הַשּׁוֹמְרִין שֶׁמֵּחֲמַת מְלָאכָה כָּחֲשָׁה:
4When a person borrows an animal, he becomes liable to provide it with food from the time he performs meshichah until the conclusion of the time for which he borrowed it. If its meat depreciates in value, he is liable to pay for that reduction. If its meat depreciates in value because of the work the animal performs, he is not liable. He must, however, take the oath required of a watchman, swearing that it depreciated because of the work.
ה׳הַשּׁוֹאֵל כְּלִי מֵחֲבֵרוֹ אוֹ בְּהֵמָה סְתָם הֲרֵי הַמַּשְׁאִיל מַחְזִירוֹ בְּכָל עֵת שֶׁיִּרְצֶה. שְׁאָלוֹ לִזְמַן קָצוּב כֵּיוָן שֶׁמָּשַׁךְ וְזָכָה אֵין הַבְּעָלִים יְכוֹלִין לְהַחְזִירוֹ מִתַּחַת יָדוֹ עַד סוֹף יְמֵי הַשְּׁאֵלָה. וַאֲפִלּוּ מֵת הַשּׁוֹאֵל הֲרֵי הַיּוֹרְשִׁין מִשְׁתַּמְּשִׁין בַּשְּׁאֵלָה עַד סוֹף הַזְּמַן. וְדִין הוּא. הַלּוֹקֵחַ קוֹנֶה הַגּוּף קִנְיַן עוֹלָם בַּדָּמִים שֶׁנָּתַן וּמְקַבֵּל מַתָּנָה קָנָה הַגּוּף קִנְיַן עוֹלָם וְלֹא נָתַן כְּלוּם וְהַשּׂוֹכֵר קָנָה הַגּוּף לְפֵרוֹתָיו עַד זְמַן קָצוּב בַּדָּמִים שֶׁנָּתַן וְהַשּׁוֹאֵל קָנָה הַגּוּף לְפֵרוֹתָיו עַד זְמַן קָצוּב וְלֹא נָתַן כְּלוּם. כְּשֵׁם שֶׁהַנּוֹתֵן כַּמּוֹכֵר שֶׁאֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לַחְזֹר בּוֹ לְעוֹלָם כָּךְ הַמַּשְׁאִיל כַּמַּשְׂכִּיר שֶׁאֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לַחְזֹר בְּתוֹךְ הַזְּמַן. הִנִּיחַ לָהֶם אֲבִיהֶם פָּרָה שְׁאוּלָה וּמֵתָה אֵין חַיָּבִין בָּאֳנָסֶיהָ. חָשְׁבוּ שֶׁהִיא שֶׁל אֲבִיהֶם טְבָחוּהָ וַאֲכָלוּהָ מְשַׁלְּמִין דְּמֵי בָּשָׂר בְּזוֹל. וְאִם הִנִּיחַ לָהֶם אֲבִיהֶם נְכָסִים וּמֵתָה אוֹ שֶׁטְּבָחוּהָ מְשַׁלְּמִין אֶת דָּמֶיהָ מִנְּכָסָיו:
5When a person borrows an article or an animal from a colleague without making any stipulation, the lender may require him to return it at any time. If he borrowed it for a set time, once he performs meshichah with it, he acquires it, and the owner may not compel the borrower to return it from his possession until the conclusion of the period for which it was borrowed. Indeed, even if the borrower dies, his heirs are entitled to continue using the borrowed article until the conclusion of the period for which it was lent out.This concept can be appreciated by logical deduction. A purchaser acquires the body of the article he purchases forever in return for the money he gave. The recipient of a present acquires the body of the article he receives forever, although he did not give anything. Similarly, a renter acquires the body of an article for the sake of deriving benefit from it for a limited time in return for the money he gave. And a borrower acquires the body of an article for the sake of deriving benefit from it for a limited time without giving anything. Thus, just as the giver of a present resembles a seller in that he cannot retract his gift forever, so too, a person who lends an article resembles one who hires it out, in that he cannot retract in the midst of the term of the agreement.When a father leaves his sons a cow that he had borrowed and it dies, they are not liable for the loss its owner suffers. If they thought that it belonged to their father and they slaughtered it and ate it, they are required to pay the price of its meat at a low price. If their father left them an estate, and the borrowed cow died or was slaughtered by them, they must pay its worth from the estate.
ו׳הַשּׁוֹאֵל כְּלִי מֵחֲבֵרוֹ לַעֲשׂוֹת בּוֹ מְלָאכָה פְּלוֹנִית אֵין הַמַּשְׁאִיל יָכוֹל לְהַחְזִירוֹ מִתַּחַת יָדוֹ עַד שֶׁיַּעֲשֶׂה בּוֹ אוֹתָהּ מְלָאכָה. וְכֵן אִם שָׁאַל מִמֶּנּוּ בְּהֵמָה לֵילֵךְ בָּהּ בְּמָקוֹם פְּלוֹנִי אֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לְהַחְזִירָהּ מִיַּד הַשּׁוֹאֵל עַד שֶׁיֵּלֵךְ בָּהּ לְשָׁם וְיַחְזֹר:
6When a person borrows a utensil for the sake of performing a particular task, the person who lent it cannot force the borrower to return it from his possession until the borrower performs that task. Similarly, if he borrows an animal in order to travel to a particular place, the owner may not compel the borrower to return it until he goes to that place and returns.
ז׳הָאוֹמֵר לַחֲבֵרוֹ הַשְׁאִילֵנִי קַרְדֹּם לַעֲדֹר בּוֹ הַפַּרְדֵּס הַזֶּה עוֹדֵר בּוֹ אוֹתוֹ הַפַּרְדֵּס בִּלְבַד וְאֵינוֹ רַשַּׁאי לַעֲדֹר בּוֹ פַּרְדֵּס אַחֵר. אָמַר לוֹ פַּרְדֵּס סְתָם עוֹדֵר בּוֹ פַּרְדֵּס אַחֵר אֵי זֶה שֶׁיִּרְצֶה. שְׁאָלוֹ לַעֲדֹר בּוֹ פַּרְדֵּסִים (הַרְבֵּה שֶׁלּוֹ) עוֹדֵר בּוֹ כָּל הַפַּרְדֵּסִים שֶׁלּוֹ. וַאֲפִלּוּ נִשְׁחַת כָּל הַבַּרְזֶל בַּעֲדִירָה מַחְזִיר לוֹ הַנִּצָּב שֶׁל עֵץ. וְכֵן כָּל כַּיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה:
7When a person asks a colleague: "Lend me your spade to hoe this orchard," he is allowed to hoe only that particular orchard. He may not hoe another orchard with it.If the borrower said: "to hoe an orchard" without describing it further, he may use it to hoe any orchard he desires. If he borrowed it to hoe his orchards, he may hoe all the orchards he owns. Even if the iron of the spade becomes entirely worn away while hoeing, it is sufficient for him to return the wooden handle of the hoe. Similar laws apply in all analogous situations.
ח׳הַשּׁוֹאֵל כְּלִי מֵחֲבֵרוֹ לְהִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בּוֹ וְאָמַר לוֹ הַשְׁאִילֵנִי דָּבָר פְּלוֹנִי בְּטוֹבָתְךָ כְּלוֹמַר אֵין אַתָּה מַשְׁאִיל לִי דָּבָר זֶה כְּדֶרֶךְ כָּל הַמַּשְׁאִילִין אֶלָּא כְּפִי טוֹבַת לִבְּךָ וְנִדְבוֹתֶיךָ שֶׁאֵינְךָ מַקְפִּיד עַל הַזְּמַן אִם אָרַךְ. אִם קָנוּ מִיַּד הַמַּשְׁאִיל עַל זֶה הֲרֵי הַשּׁוֹאֵל מִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בּוֹ לְעוֹלָם עַד שֶׁיִּתְבַּטֵּל הַכְּלִי מִלַּעֲשׂוֹת מְלַאכְתּוֹ וְיַחְזִיר שְׁבָרָיו אוֹ שְׁיָרָיו. וְאֵין הַשּׁוֹאֵל רַשַּׁאי לַחְזֹר וּלְתַקֵּן הַכְּלִי אוֹ לַעֲשׂוֹתוֹ פַּעַם אַחֶרֶת:
8The following rule applies when a person borrows a utensil from a colleague to use and tells him: "Lend me this item according to your generosity." That expression implies "Don't lend it to me like others who lend out articles, but according to the goodness of your heart and your generosity, that you will not be concerned about the time, even if it becomes extended."If a kinyan was established with the lender concerning this, the borrower may use the article without limit until it is no longer suitable to perform its function. He must then return its broken pieces or the remnants. The borrower may not, however, fix the utensil and thus make it useful again.
ט׳הָאוֹמֵר לַחֲבֵרוֹ הַשְׁאִילֵנִי שֹׁקֶת זוֹ שֶׁל מַיִם וְנֶהֶרְסָה [אֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לִבְנוֹתָהּ. אָמַר לוֹ הַשְׁאִילֵנִי שֹׁקֶת סְתָם וְנֶהֶרְסָה] יֵשׁ לוֹ לִבְנוֹתָהּ. אָמַר לוֹ הַשְׁאִילֵנִי מְקוֹם שֹׁקֶת אִם קָנוֹ מִיַּד הַמַּשְׁאִיל הֲרֵי הַשּׁוֹאֵל בּוֹנֶה וְהוֹלֵךְ בְּקַרְקַע הַמַּשְׁאִיל עַד שֶׁתָּבוֹא לְיָדוֹ שֹׁקֶת שֶׁאֶפְשָׁר לְהַשְׁקוֹת מִמֶּנָּה בְּהֶמְתּוֹ אוֹ אַרְצוֹ כְּמוֹ שֶׁהִתְנָה עִם הַמַּשְׁאִיל:
9When a person asks a colleague: "Lend me this stone tub of water," and it was destroyed, he may not rebuild it. If the borrower asks the owner: "Lend me a stone tub," without any description, and it is destroyed, he may rebuild it.If he asked him: "Lend me the place of a stone tub," if a kinyan was established affirming this agreement, the borrower may build on the property of the lender until he constructs a stone tub that he may use to water his animal or irrigate his land, as he stipulated when speaking to the lender.
י׳הַשּׁוֹאֵל פֻּנְדָּק מֵחֲבֵרוֹ לְלִינָה אֵין פָּחוֹת מִיּוֹם אֶחָד. לִשְׁבִיתָה אֵין פָּחוֹת מִשְּׁנֵי יָמִים. לְנִשּׂוּאִים אֵין פָּחוֹת מִשְּׁלֹשִׁים יוֹם. שָׁאַל חָלוּק מֵחֲבֵרוֹ לֵילֵךְ בּוֹ לְבֵית הָאָבֵל כְּדֵי שֶׁיֵּלֵךְ וְיַחְזֹר. שְׁאָלוֹ לְבֵית הַמִּשְׁתֶּה כָּל אוֹתוֹ הַיּוֹם. שְׁאָלוֹ לַעֲשׂוֹת הַמִּשְׁתֶּה שֶׁלּוֹ אֵין פָּחוֹת מִשִּׁבְעָה יָמִים:
10When a person borrows an inn from a colleague "to spend the night," the intent is no less than one day. "To spend the Sabbath," the intent is no less than two days. "For marriage," the intent is no less than 30 days.When a person borrows a garment from a colleague to visit a person in mourning, he may keep it for the time it takes to go and return. When a person borrows a garment to attend a wedding celebration, he may keep it for that entire day. If he borrows it for his own wedding, he may keep it for at least seven days.
ב׳
א׳הַשׁוֹאֵל בַּבְּעָלִים אֲפִלּוּ נִגְנַב אוֹ אָבַד בִּפְשִׁיעָה פָּטוּר שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות כב יד) "אִם בְּעָלָיו עִמּוֹ לֹא יְשַׁלֵּם". וּבִלְבַד שֶׁשָּׁאַל הַבְּעָלִים תְּחִלָּה עִם הַחֵפֶץ כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ. וְאֶחָד הַשּׁוֹאֵל אֶת הַבְּעָלִים אוֹ שֶׁשְּׂכָרָן וְאֶחָד שֶׁשּׁוֹאֵל אֶת הַבְּעָלִים לְאוֹתָהּ הַמְּלָאכָה אוֹ שֶׁשְּׁאָלָן וּשְׂכָרָן לִמְלָאכָה אַחֶרֶת אוֹ לְשׁוּם דָּבָר בָּעוֹלָם. אֲפִלּוּ אָמַר לַחֲבֵרוֹ הַשְׁקֵנִי מַיִם וְשָׁאַל מִמֶּנּוּ בְּהֶמְתּוֹ וְהִשְׁקָהוּ וְנָתַן לוֹ אֶת הַבְּהֵמָה הֲרֵי זוֹ שְׁאֵלָה בִּבְעָלִים וּפָטוּר. מָשַׁךְ אֶת הַבְּהֵמָה בַּתְּחִלָּה וְאַחַר כָּךְ הִשְׁקָהוּ אֵינָהּ שְׁאֵלָה בִּבְעָלִים. וְכֵן כָּל כַּיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה:
1When a person borrows an article while the owner is working with him, he is not liable, even if the article that he borrowed is stolen or lost through negligence, as Exodus 22:14 states: "If the owner is with him, he need not make restitution." This applies, provided he asked the owner to work with him at the time he borrowed the article, as we have explained.This leniency applies whether the borrower asked the owner to work for him as a favor or hired him, and whether he asked him to perform the same work as he performs with the article, he asked him or hired him to perform another task, or he had him perform any task in the world. Even if he told a colleague, "Give me a drink of water," and the person asking for the water asked to borrow his colleague's animal, if the owner gives him a drink and lends him the animal, it is considered as if he lent him the animal while "with the owner," and he is not liable.If the borrower performed meshichah with the animal first, and afterwards the owner gave him to drink, this is not considered to be borrowing an article while the owner is working with the borrower. The same principles apply in all analogous situations.
ב׳הִשְׁאִיל בְּהֶמְתּוֹ אוֹ הִשְׂכִּירָהּ לְמַשּׂוֹי וְיָצָא עִמָּהּ לְסָעֳדָהּ עִם הַשּׁוֹאֵל אוֹ הַשּׂוֹכֵר וְלִטְעֹן עִמּוֹ בְּמַשָּׂאוֹ הֲרֵי זוֹ שְׁמִירָה בַּבְּעָלִים. וְאִם יָצָא לְבַקֵּר הַמַּשּׂאוֹי בִּלְבַד וְלִרְאוֹת שֶׁלֹּא יִטְעֲנוּ עָלֶיהָ יֶתֶר מִן הָרָאוּי אֵינָהּ שְׁמִירָה בַּבְּעָלִים:
2When a person lent or rented out his animal to carry a burden and went out to help the borrower or the renter to help him load his burden on it, this is considered to be borrowing an article while the owner is working with the borrower. If he goes out with him to inspect the burden and to see that he was not overloaded, it is not considered borrowing an article while the owner is working with the borrower.
ג׳מְלַמֵּד תִּינוֹקוֹת. וְהַנּוֹטֵעַ לִבְנֵי הַמְּדִינָה. וְהַמַּקִּיז לָהֶם אֶת הַדָּם. וְהַסּוֹפֵר שֶׁלָּהֶן. כָּל אֶחָד מֵאֵלּוּ וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן בַּיּוֹם שֶׁהוּא יוֹשֵׁב בּוֹ לַעֲסֹק בִּמְלַאכְתָּן אִם הִשְׁאִיל אוֹ הִשְׂכִּיר לְאֶחָד מֵאֵלּוּ שֶׁהוּא עוֹסֵק בִּמְלַאכְתָּם הֲרֵי זוֹ שְׁמִירָה בַּבְּעָלִים וַאֲפִלּוּ פָּשַׁע בָּהּ הַשּׁוֹמֵר פָּטוּר. אֲבָל הוּא שֶׁשָּׁאַל אוֹ שֶׁשָּׂכַר מֵהֶן חַיָּב שֶׁאֵינָן שְׁאוּלִין לוֹ:
3The following rules apply with regard to a teacher of young children, a person who plants trees for a city, a bloodletter for the city and their scribe. On the day any one of these individuals - or a person in a similar position - sits to perform the work of the city's inhabitants, if he lends or rents out an article to any of the people whose work he is performing, it is considered as if the owner is working with the borrower. Even if the watchman was negligent, he is not liable. If, however, one of these individuals borrowed or rented an article from one of the inhabitants of the city, he is liable in the event of damages. For they do not perform work for him.
ד׳הָרַב שֶׁהוּא מַקְרִיא בִּרְצוֹנוֹ לַתַּלְמִידִים בְּכָל עֵת שֶׁיִּרְצֶה וְאֵיזוֹ מַסֶּכְתָּא שֶׁיִּרְצֶה וְהֵם הָיוּ קְבוּעִים לָבוֹא תָּמִיד וְנִשְׁמַט לָהֶן מִמַּסֶּכְתָּא לְמַסֶּכְתָּא הֲרֵי הֵן שְׁאוּלִין אֶצְלוֹ וְאֵין הוּא שָׁאוּל לָהֶם. וּבְיוֹם הַפֶּרֶק שֶׁהַכּל בָּאִין לִשְׁמֹעַ עִנְיַן אוֹתוֹ מוֹעֵד הֲרֵי הוּא שָׁאוּל לָהֶם וְהֵם אֵינָן שְׁאוּלִין לוֹ:
4When a teacher reads to his students at will, at the time he desires, whichever tractate he desires, they are obligated to come to him at all times, and even if he has already started studying one tractate with them, he has the license to switch from tractate to tractate, they are considered to be at his command, and he is not at their command. On the day of public study, when everyone comes to hear about the matters that concern the festival, he is considered to be at their command, and they are not at his command.
ה׳הָאוֹמֵר לִשְׁלוּחוֹ צֵא וְהִשָּׁאֵל עִם פָּרָתִי אֵינָהּ שְׁאֵלָה בַּבְּעָלִים שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות כב יד) "אִם בְּעָלָיו עִמּוֹ לֹא יְשַׁלֵּם" הַבְּעָלִים עַצְמָן לֹא שָׁלִיחַ. אָמַר לְעַבְדּוֹ הַכְּנַעֲנִי צֵא וְהִשָּׁאֵל עִם פָּרָתִי הֲרֵי זוֹ שְׁאֵלָה בַּבְּעָלִים שֶׁיַּד הָעֶבֶד כְּיַד רַבּוֹ. נִשְׁאַל הָעֶבֶד עִמָּהּ שֶׁלֹּא מִדַּעַת רַבּוֹ אֵינָהּ שְׁאֵלָה בַּבְּעָלִים:
5When a person tells his agent: "Go out and work together with my cow," it is not considered as if the owner is working with the borrower. This is intimated by Exodus 22:14: "If the owners are with him, he need not make restitution." The wording implies that verse refers to the owners themselves, and not their agents.If by contrast a person tells his Canaanite servant: "Go out and work together with my cow," it is considered as if the owner is working with the borrower. The rationale is that a Canaanite servant is considered an extension of the physical person of his master.If the servant goes to work for the borrower without his master's consent, it is not considered as if the owner is working with the borrower.
ו׳הַשּׁוֹאֵל מִן הָאִשָּׁה וְנִשְׁאַל לוֹ בַּעְלָהּ אֵינָהּ שְׁאֵלָה בַּבְּעָלִים שֶׁקִּנְיַן פֵּרוֹת אֵינוֹ כְּקִנְיַן הַגּוּף וְאֵין לַבַּעַל אֶלָּא פֵּרוֹת:
6When a person borrows an article from a woman, and her husband is performing a task for the borrower, it is not considered as if the owner is working with the borrower. The rationale is that the right to benefit from property is not equivalent to ownership of the property itself. And a woman's husband is entitled only to benefit from her property. He is not the owner.
ז׳הַשּׁוֹאֵל מֵאִשְׁתּוֹ אוֹ שֻׁתָּפִין שֶּׁשָּׁאֲלוּ זֶה מִזֶּה הֲרֵי זוֹ שְׁאֵלָה בַּבְּעָלִים. וְאִם אָמַר הַשֻׁתָּף לַחֲבֵרוֹ הַשְׁאִילֵנִי הַיּוֹם וְאַשְׁאִילְךָ לְמָחָר אֵינָהּ שְׁאֵלָה בַּבְּעָלִים:
7When a husband borrows property from his wife or when partners borrow property from each other, it is considered as if the owner is working with the borrower. If one partner says to the other, "Lend me property today, and I will lend you tomorrow," it is not considered as if the owner is working with the borrower.
ח׳שָׁאַל מִן הַשֻּׁתָּפִין וְנִשְׁאַל לוֹ אֶחָד מֵהֶן וְכֵן הַשֻּׁתָּפִין שֶׁשָּׁאֲלוּ וְנִשְׁאַל לְאֶחָד מֵהֶן הֲרֵי זֶה סָפֵק אִם הִיא שְׁאֵלָה בַּבְּעָלִים אִם אֵינָהּ. לְפִיכָךְ אִם מֵתָה אֵינוֹ מְשַׁלֵּם. וְאִם תָּפְסוּ הַבְּעָלִים אֵין מוֹצִיאִין מִיָּדָם. פָּשַׁע בָּהּ הֲרֵי זֶה מְשַׁלֵּם:
8When a person borrows property from a partnership and also asks one of the partners to work for him, or if partners borrow property and one of the partners asks the owner to work for him, there is an unresolved doubt whether it is considered as if the owner is working with the borrower or not. Therefore, if the animal dies, the borrower is not required to make restitution. If, however, the owner seizes the value of the article from property belonging to the borrower, it should not be expropriated from his possession. If the borrower was negligent, he is required to make restitution.
ט׳הַשּׁוֹאֵל אֶת הַבְּהֵמָה בַּבְּעָלִים לְרָבְעָהּ אוֹ לְהַרְאוֹת בָּהּ אוֹ לַעֲשׂוֹת בָּהּ פָּחוֹת מִשְּׁוֵה פְּרוּטָה אוֹ שֶׁשָּׁאַל שְׁתֵּי פָּרוֹת לַעֲשׂוֹת בָּהֶן שְׁוֵה פְּרוּטָה הֲרֵי כָּל אֵלּוּ סְפֵק שְׁאֵלָה בַּבְּעָלִים:
9There is an unresolved doubt whether a person who borrows an animal to sodomize it, or to create an impression, or to perform work that is worth less than a p'rutah, or borrowed two cows to do work that is worth one p'rutah while the owner is working with him is considered as an instance when an object is borrowed while the owner is working with the borrower or not.
י׳שְׁאָלָהּ בַּבְּעָלִים וּשְׂכָרָהּ שֶׁלֹּא בַּבְּעָלִים פָּטוּר שֶׁהַשְּׂכִירוּת תָּלוּי בַּשְּׁאֵלָה. אֲבָל אִם שְׂכָרָהּ בַּבְּעָלִים וְחָזַר וּשְׁאָלָהּ שֶׁלֹּא בַּבְּעָלִים אוֹ שֶׁשְּׁאָלָה בַּבְּעָלִים וְחָזַר וּשְׂכָרָהּ שֶׁלֹּא בַּבְּעָלִים וְחָזַר וּשְׁאָלָהּ (שֶׁלֹּא) בַּבְּעָלִים אוֹ שֶׁשְּׂכָרָהּ בַּבְּעָלִים וְחָזַר וּשְׁאָלָהּ שֶׁלֹּא בַּבְּעָלִים וְחָזַר וּשְׂכָרָהּ (שֶׁלֹּא) בַּבְּעָלִים כָּל אֵלּוּ סְפֵק שְׁמִירָה בַּבְּעָלִים הוּא:
10If a person borrowed an animal while the owner was working for him, and before he returned it, rented it for an additional period while the owner was not working for him, he is not liable if the animal is not returned. The rental is dependent on - and considered as an extension of - the borrowing.There is, by contrast, an unresolved doubt with regard to all of the following situations:The person rented the animal while the owner was working for him, and before he returned it, borrowed it for an additional period while the owner was not working for him.He borrowed an animal while the owner was working for him, and before he returned it, rented it for an additional period while the owner was not working for him and then borrowed it again while the owner was not working for him.Or he rented an animal while the owner was working for him, and before he returned it, borrowed it for an additional period while the owner was not working for him, and then rented it again while the owner was not working for him.
י״אאִשָּׁה שֶׁשָּׁאֲלָה וְאַחַר כָּךְ נִשֵּׂאת הֲרֵי הַבַּעַל כְּלוֹקֵחַ מִמֶּנָּה וְאֵינוֹ לֹא שׁוֹמֵר שָׂכָר וְלֹא שׁוֹאֵל. לְפִיכָךְ אִם הָיְתָה דְּבַר הַשְּׁאֵלָה בְּהֵמָה וּמֵתָה הַבַּעַל פָּטוּר אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהוּא מִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בָּהּ כָּל יְמֵי שְׁאֵלָתָהּ אֲפִלּוּ פָּשַׁע מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא כְּלוֹקֵחַ וְהָאִשָּׁה חַיֶּבֶת לְשַׁלֵּם כְּשֶׁיִּהְיֶה לָהּ מָמוֹן. וְאִם הוֹדִיעָה אֶת בַּעְלָהּ שֶׁהִיא שְׁאוּלָה הֲרֵי זֶה נִכְנָס תַּחְתֶּיהָ. כָּל שֶׁאָמַרְנוּ שֶׁהִיא שְׁאֵלָה בַּבְּעָלִים כָּךְ אִם הָיָה שׂוֹכֵר אוֹ נוֹשֵׂא שָׂכָר הֲרֵי הִיא שְׂכִירוּת בַּבְּעָלִים וּפָטוּר. וְכָל שֶׁאֵינָהּ שְׁאֵלָה בַּבְּעָלִים כָּךְ אֵינָהּ שְׂכִירוּת בַּבְּעָלִים. וְכָל שֶׁהוּא סָפֵק בִּשְׁאֵלָה כָּךְ הוּא סָפֵק בִּשְׂכִירוּת:
11When a woman borrows an article from one person and then marries another man, her husband is considered a purchaser - not a paid watchman nor a borrower. Accordingly, if the borrowed article was an animal that died, the husband is not liable even though he used it throughout the time that it was borrowed.This ruling applies even if he was negligent. The rationale is that he is considered as a purchaser.When the woman receives money, she is obligated to make restitution. If she notified her husband that the article is borrowed, he undertakes her responsibility.In all the situations that we have defined as borrowing while the owner is working for the borrower, if a renter or a paid watchman were involved, it would be considered as a rental while the owner is working for the renter, and he would not be held liable. Conversely, in all the situations that are not defined as borrowing while the owner is working for the borrower, if a renter or a paid watchman were involved, it would not be considered a rental while the owner is working for the renter. And with regard to all the situations for which there are unresolved doubts whether it is considered to be borrowing while the owner is working for the borrower; so, too, there are unresolved doubts with regard to rentals.